What are the standard sizes and models of lithium batteries for electric vehicles？

Different electric battery has different size of the model.The lead-acid batteries of electric cars on the market can use AFTGGP module lithium battery instead of: 60 v 315 x20 size (17) X9.5 (CM48V size 18 x 15 x 15 * 15 * 9.5 (cm) 31 CM36V size 250 * 150 * 95, lead-acid battery 2 v voltage for each cell. Each monomer battery is composed of six units, and voltage is 12 v.Electric bicycle is the most commonly used lithium battery pack is connected by 3 or 4 battery in series, three series are 36 v, and four series are 48 v.Now there are 16 v composed of eight cells monomer battery.

Lead-acid battery capacity is made up of voltage regulation, with 12 V lead-acid battery as an example, the minimum operating voltage of 10.5 V, a maximum working voltage of 13.5 V, the highest working voltage discharge to the minimum working said 100% discharge voltage, the battery stop working, and the process out of power is the capacity of the battery.

We combine batteries voltage and capacity to see below:

36 v common capacity: 10 ah, ah;Individual and 14 20 ah ah, ah, 17.

48 v common capacity are: 10 ah, 12 14 ah, ah, ah, ah 120;Individual and 15 18 ah ah, ah, ah, 22, 24 ah.

After some consumers to buy electric bikes may not know what type of concrete, at that point can be identified from the charger, the method is on the charger output voltage and output current comparison:

In general, 36 v battery labelling for: "36 v - 42 v, output voltage DC by A".Corresponding relationship between output current and the capacity of the battery are: 1.5 A corresponding 10 ah, 1.6 A corresponding 12 ah.

48 v battery labelling for: "output voltage - 59 v, 48 v DC (A".Corresponding relationship between output current and the capacity of the battery are: 1.7 A corresponding 10 ah, 1.8 A corresponding 12 ah, 2.0 A corresponding 14 ah, 2.3 A corresponding 17 ah, 2.5 A corresponding 20 ah.

In addition to the charger labeling method, also can be calculated by the battery itself.As mentioned above, the present monomer with an average of 12 v lead-acid battery (6 cells) and 16 v (8 battery units), indicate on the monomer battery again due to the combination of the lead-acid battery is in series, so it can be product of monomer battery voltage and the number of number of battery voltage, battery capacity and monomer battery capacity is equal.For example, 3 batteries in the battery compartment open after arrival, if this is 16 v 3 batteries, so, the battery voltage is 16 v * 3 = 48 v.If this section 3 is the 12 v battery, so, the battery voltage is 12 v * 3 = 36 v.So, when the battery box open the coma four existing batteries?At this time, if this is 16 v 4 batteries, so, the battery voltage is 16 v * 4 = 64 v;If the three battery is 12 v, so the battery voltage is 12 v x 4 = 48 v.

Electric vehicles is power source of electric vehicle batteries, now the majority of electric vehicle are lead-acid batteries, lead-acid battery of low cost, high cost performance.Because the battery can charge, can be repeatedly used, so called it "lead-acid battery".

Of plant in 1860, the French invented the use of lead in battery electrodes, which is the precursor of the lead-acid battery.

Can be adopted in the electric bicycle has the following four kinds of motive battery, namely the valve-controlled lead-acid maintenance-free, colloid lead-acid battery, nickel metal hydride batteries and battery Lithium ion batteries。

Lead-acid battery

Lead-acid batteries because of its low price, rich source material, higher than the power, technology and manufacturing technology is mature, resource recovery rate higher comprehensive factors are widely studied and various electric car widely used in other countries.Electric bicycle as energy saving, convenient, fast, comfortable, cheap, zero emissions of personal transport, has been widely accepted and brought to the attention of the relevant state departments.By the state council development research center, the national development and reform commission, ministry of construction, ministry of science and technology and other ministries involved in the light electric vehicle industry development strategy research group put forward "light electric vehicle industry development strategy research" report.The national ownership electric bicycle has amounted to more than 30 million vehicles.More than 95% of the electric bicycle with valve-controlled lead-acid batteries.

Have the vast majority of commercialization of the electric bicycle is the use of sealed lead-acid battery, don't need to supplement moisture, often in use free maintenance.The main chemical reaction is: PbO2 + 2 - h2so4 - > 2 + Pb please recharge and discharge pbso4 + 2 h2o

Lead-acid battery charging into lead sulfate of Yin and Yang of spongy lead fixed in the sulfuric acid content of the release to the electrolyte, respectively, to become spongy lead and lead oxide, sulfuric acid concentration in the electrolyte grows;Otherwise discharge lead oxide in the anode and the cathode plate of spongy lead react with sulfuric acid in the electrolyte into lead sulfate, and the concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte coming down.When lack of lead-acid battery charging, Yin and Yang are two plate of lead sulfate not completely transformed into a spongy lead and lead oxide, if lack of charging for a long time, can cause lead sulfate crystallization, made the plate, the battery quality becomes worse;Conversely if the battery overcharge, the anode is greater than the amount of oxygen the cathodic adsorption ability, make the battery internal pressure increases, lead to gas overflow, electrolyte, can also lead to active material softening or fall off, battery life is greatly reduced.

Comprehensive performance has greatly improved

In recent 10 years, the comprehensive performance of electric bicycle with valve-controlled lead-acid batteries have greatly improved.6 - DZM - 10 cells, for example.In 1997, the type of battery capacity deficiencies, 2 h rate discharge capacity of less than ten (5 a) ah;Less than the energy, the rate of 2 h than energy less than 30 wh/kg;Life is short, 100% depth of discharge cycle life of only 50 ~ 60 times (capacity to 8 before ah;The service life of the same below), only 3 ~ 5 months.

By 2003, 2 h rate discharge capacity (5 a) 11 ~ 13 ah;2 h rate than energy reached 33 ~ 36 wh/kg;100% depth of discharge of the cycle life of 250 ~ 300 times, the service life can reach more than 12 months.Electric bicycle with valve-controlled lead-acid battery problems solved basically.

Deep cycle life performance of this type of battery is new, breakthrough.Main show is: 2 h rate discharge (5 a) initial capacity of 14 ah;2 h rate than energy thirty-eight wh/kg;100% depth of discharge cycle life of more than 400 times, sent out a total capacity of 4500 Ah, the corresponding total mileage of about 18000 km (with 4 km/Ah, the same below).The deep cycle life of more than 600 times, sent out a total capacity of 6151 ah, the corresponding total mileage of about 24600 km.If the capacity is lower than 7 ah life ending flag, deep cycle life of 943 cycles, sent out a total capacity of 8710 ah, the corresponding total mileage of about 34800 km.If according to the deep cycle life of 250 times or out of a total capacity of 2250 ah, the corresponding total mileage of 9000 km of the battery pack can be used guarantee 1 year.

Attach importance to match with charger

After years of practice, the use of electric bicycle vehicle manufacturers and battery manufacturers are gradually understanding the battery and the importance of the matching between electric drive system related equipment, especially with the matching of the charger.Manufacturing quality is the precondition of battery quality, but only with matching chargers are used together, can play the superior performance of the battery with high quality, high quality battery can not fully develop its potential superior performance.

Different manufacturer of battery in the formula, structure, acid concentration and other differences, the appropriate charging parameters are different.For example, in our study, we found that different manufacturer battery charge in the stage of constant pressure parameters can vary from 1.5 V to 2.0 V (36 V battery).Proper charging parameter basic requirements are: to ensure that the battery can be full of, not due to owe charging battery capacity of normal attenuation;And make sure the battery during the whole life will not caused by charging battery severe water loss and thermal runaway.

Pure electric vehicle lead-acid batteries

Early opening of the pure electric vehicle type lead-acid batteries adopted the "8 · 5" plan during the research, has made available to the successful experience of 19 months (120000 km), the key is accumulated a good control of charging methods, the depth of discharge, the filling water in time a system that matches the work experience and careful maintenance experience.In recent years, four-wheel vehicle (including tourist car, car, golf carts, short road car, etc.) development soon, the car USES the most is the open type lead-acid batteries.Corresponding models of battery get the favour of battery manufacturers.

Electric car USES a valve control type sealed lead-acid battery of new products, its performance is: the rate of 3 h 55 ah capacity;3 h rate under specific energy for 33 84 wh/kg and wh/L;75% of the depth of discharge cycle life reached more than 400 times.Believe that the electric bicycle with valve-controlled lead-acid batteries successful experience can be extended to pure electric vehicle valve-controlled lead-acid batteries, the performance will be further improved.

Hybrid electric vehicle lead-acid batteries

Hybrid electric vehicle is divided into three categories: basic now mild hybrid (namely the electric system is mainly used for starting and braking energy recycling, the promotion of the 42 v electrical system on all cars belong to this type), moderate hybrid (that is, the electric system is used for starting, braking energy recycling and driving, short), severe hybrid (i.e. electric system used for starting, braking energy recycling and relatively long distance driving, also known as the "plug-in").

Literature at home and abroad has been clear: in a mild hybrid electric car, valve-controlled lead-acid batteries have advantages, mainly because of its low cost, mature technology, reliable performance;Mild hybrid electric car with valve-controlled lead-acid batteries, ALABC (advanced lead-acid battery consortium) is organizing development, preparation and MH - Ni battery for a mild hybrid electric car market, has now launched and the vehicle test coiling bipolar ear batteries and TMF (metal film) battery;In the field of heavy hybrid electric vehicle, low specific energy of lead battery, cannot satisfy the requirement of the electric system is relatively long drive.

Colloid storage battery

Is the improvement of ordinary lead-acid battery liquid electrolyte.It USES a gel electrolyte, inside there is no free fluid, electrolyte under the same volume large capacity, large heat capacity, thermal dissipation capability is strong, can avoid general battery are prone to thermal runaway phenomenon;Weak electrolyte concentration is low, the plate corrosion;Uniform concentration, there is no acid stratification phenomenon.

Nickel metal hydride battery

（Ni-MH）

Ni-mh battery is battery family rookie emerged in the ninety s, developing rapidly.Ni - MH battery electrode reaction is:

The positive: Ni (OH) 2 + OH - = NiOOH + H2O + e -

Negative: M + H2O + e = MHab + OH - Ni (OH) 2 + M = NiOOH + MHab

It and nickel cadmium battery belong to alkaline battery, just to hide the hydrogen absorption of alloy material (mh) instead of the nickel cadmium battery anode materials of cadmium CD, electromotive force is 1.32 v.It has all the excellent properties of the nickel cadmium battery, and the energy density is higher than that of nickel cadmium battery.Main advantages are: high specific energy (one time charge can exercise long distance);Higher than power, when large current work can also smooth discharge (accelerated climbing ability good);Low temperature discharge performance is good;Long cycle life;Safe and reliable, and free maintenance;No memory effect;There is no any pollution to the environment problem, renewable use, comply with the concept of sustainable development.However, Ni MH battery - cost is too high, too expensive.

Lithium ion batteries

Lithium ion battery is 1990 by SONY of Japan in the first place to market a new type of high-energy battery.Its advantage is higher than the energy, is the current than the highest energy storage battery.Has won the popularization and application in portable information products.

Lithium ion battery is widely thought to have the following advantages: bigger than energy;Higher than the power;Uniformity;No memory effect;Good cycle characteristics;Is discharge rapidly, and the high efficiency;Wide working temperature range.No environmental pollution and so on, therefore is expected to enter the best power source in the 21st century.Is expected in the period 2006 ~ 2012, when the further development of lithium ion batteries, MH/Ni battery market share will shrink.Lithium ion market share will be enlarged.Have been using lithium ion battery electric bicycle products for sale.

With good security, the cycle of good performance, high specific capacity in the development of new and cheap anode material, driven by electric bicycle lithium ion battery is close to practical use.There have been several can provide more mature, with a battery management system (BMS) of electric bicycle with li-ion battery.Also have specialized manufacturer with lithium ion battery electric bicycle.The author thinks that the lithium ion battery of electric bicycle use will be the first commercial type, large quantities of used in the car power battery;It will be a larger proportion of practical after lead battery batteries, will also be used for high-end battery electric bicycle products.On large lithium-ion batteries in electric cars and electric buses, as well as the trial in hybrid electric vehicle, exhibition demonstration has quite a few reports.According to the current level of lithium-ion battery development and experience, that electric bicycle with 48 v10ah below the safety of the battery pack is guaranteed, but large lithium-ion batteries to use in the commercialization of electric vehicles also do a lot of hard work, the main reason is that the pure electric cars and electric buses, as well as using hybrid electric vehicle battery quantity and complex system, security difficulty bigger, higher request of reliability and consistency, the price is too high.Has reported the Shenzhen BYD in 2005 to provide 200 lithium ion battery as power sources of electric car rental fleet, has now been delayed until 2007.

A fuel cell

Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electricity supply motor to drive the vehicle.Its main advantages are: high efficiency and can save fuel;Zero emissions;Low noise, etc., especially suitable for vehicle power supply.Hydrogen fuel cell car would be ideal and eventually replace petroleum products for fuel cars.

Zinc - nickel battery (zinc - Ni)

Zinc - Ni battery once considered should advocate the electric car battery.From the perspective of the market selection of 4 ~ 5 years, almost no use in commercialization of electric vehicles.This is mainly due to the price of zinc - Ni battery expensive (about 2.5 to 4 yuan per VAh, 4 ~ 6 times of lead-acid batteries);The cycle, the initial capacity attenuation, affect the service life of the battery can be use.In addition, the rapid development of the lithium ion battery and lower prices, make zinc - Ni battery more lack of competitiveness in electric vehicle applications.

Zinc air battery

Zinc air battery is one of the metal - air battery, belong to the category of half the fuel cell.It has high specific energy, raw materials, the price is not high, pollution-free advantages, is considered to be one of the electric vehicle batteries competitive candidates.

Chinese-American who founded in Shanghai production machinery of rechargeable zinc air battery bo letter (Power Zinc), and has set up a completed demonstration workshop.The manufacture of electric bicycle and electric motorcycle with zinc air battery loading tests, the mileage of 150 km and 250 km respectively, application and made a lot of work, set up in Shanghai 50 switching points.But no more than 1 year, the trial work stopped, the result of market selection is not accepted by the user.In some leadership support, do a car in the manufacture of zinc air battery for power supply of electric buses, but restricted by zinc air battery high power performance is poor, poor vehicle starting and accelerating performance obviously.In the aspect of development of electric vehicle zinc air battery at home and abroad have done a lot of work.In recent years, the development of domestic electric vehicle zinc air battery work again, but the practice proved the superiority of zinc air battery should be original, but also exposed some overseas has reported problems, such as zinc electrode to replace the service system and regeneration cost and oxygen electrode, the life of a battery electrolyte leakage, leakage or spill, etc.

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