What are the main components of lead-acid batteries and their functions?

The composition of the lead storage battery: plate, separator, shell, electrolyte, lead connecting strip, pole, etc.

1. Positive and negative plates

Classification and composition: The plates are divided into two types: a positive plate and a negative plate, both of which are composed of a grid and an active material filled thereon.

Function: During the charging and discharging process of the battery, the mutual conversion of electric energy and chemical energy is realized by the chemical reaction of the active material on the electrode plate and sulfuric acid in the electrolyte.

Color distinction: The active material on the positive electrode plate is lead dioxide (PbO2), which is dark brown; the active material on the negative electrode plate is spongy pure lead (Pb), which is blue-gray.

The role of the grid: to contain the active material and shape the plates.

Plate group: in order to increase the capacity of the battery, multiple positive and negative plates are connected in parallel to form a positive and negative plate group.

Special requirements for installation: The positive and negative plates are fitted to each other during installation, and the partition is inserted in the middle. In each of the unit cells the number of negative plates is always one more than that of the positive plates.

2. Partition

Function: In order to reduce the internal resistance and size of the battery, the positive and negative plates inside the battery should be as close as possible; in order to avoid short circuit contact with each other, the positive and negative plates should be separated by a partition.

Material requirements: The separator material should have porosity and permeability, and the chemical properties should be stable, that is, it has good acid resistance and oxidation resistance.

Materials: Common separator materials are wooden separators, microporous rubber, microporous plastics, fiberglass and cardboard.

Installation requirements: The grooved side of the partition should face the positive plate during installation.

3. Case

Role: used to hold the electrolyte and plate group

Material: Made of materials resistant to acid, heat, shock, insulation and mechanical properties.

Structural features: The housing is a monolithic structure, and the inside of the housing is divided into three or six non-intersecting single compartments by partition walls, and the bottom has protruding ribs to rest the electrode assembly. The space between the ribs is used to accumulate the active material that has fallen off to prevent a short circuit between the plates. After the plate is placed in the casing, the upper portion is sealed with a battery cover made of the same material as the casing. On the battery cover, there is a liquid addition hole corresponding to the top of each cell for adding electrolyte and distilled water. It can also be used to check the electrolyte level and measure the relative density of the electrolyte.

4. Electrolyte

Role: The electrolyte plays a role in the interaction between the electrical energy and the chemical energy, that is, the electrochemical reaction of charging and discharging, and participates in the chemical reaction.

Ingredients: It is prepared from pure sulfuric acid and distilled water in a certain ratio, and its density is generally 1.24 to 1.30 g/ml.

Special attention: The purity of the electrolyte is an important factor affecting the performance and service life of the battery.

5. Single battery serial connection

The battery is generally made up of three or six single cells connected in series, and the rated voltage is 6V or 12V respectively.

Tandem connection: The serial connection of single cells generally has three methods: traditional exposed type, through wall type and spanning type.

The connection method is simple, but the amount of lead consumption is large, and the connection resistance is large, so that the voltage drop at the time of starting is large, the power loss is large, and the short circuit is easily caused.

Through-wall connection: the holes are made in the partition between adjacent cells for the connecting strip to pass through, and the poles of the two single cells are welded together.

The leaping connection method: a gap is left on the partition wall between adjacent single cells, and the connecting strip connects the poles of the two single cells through the gap across the partition, and all the connecting strips are arranged on the whole cover below.

1, the composition

The battery consists of a positive plate, a negative plate, a separator (paper), a lead nail, a battery case, a cover, a positive electrode column, a negative electrode column, a rubber cap, and an electrolyte.

2, the role

2-1: The plate of the plate is divided into two groups of positive and negative electrodes. In the state of charge, the positive plate is lead dioxide (PbO2), which is tan, and the negative plate is pure lead (Pb), which is light gray. There is one more negative plate for each single cell, that is, each positive plate is at the second negative electrode between the boards.

2-2: Separator (paper) In order to prevent the positive and negative plates from coming into contact with each other, the internal short circuit is self-discharged. Therefore, a separator (paper) is installed between the positive and negative plates, and a glass-fiber separator (paper) is used for the sealed valve-regulated lead-acid battery. In addition to the isolation function, the material absorbs the electrolyte. Efficacy and not easily corroded by acid.

2-3: Lead nail lead can be used as a current path to connect the positive and negative poles of the two battery cells.

2-4: The battery case (cover) is made of hard rubber (plastic) for placing the plate set and holding the electrolyte.

2-5: The pole has a positive and negative column. The main purpose is the identification point of the storage point.

2-6: The electrolyte is a mixture of pure sulfuric acid and distilled water (dilute sulfuric acid).

2-7: The rubber cap is mainly used to seal and discharge water vapor.

Other answers

The material for realizing the electrochemical reaction of the lead-acid battery is three parts: the positive and negative plates and the electrolyte, that is, three substances in the electrochemical reaction equation, in which the positive and negative plates participate in the electrochemical reaction (becoming active substances) respectively It is lead dioxide and spongy pure lead, and the electrolyte is dilute sulfuric acid (sulfuric acid + pure water).

In order to realize the above principle, a battery tank (battery casing) is arranged for the electrolyte. The separator is installed between positive and negative plates, which can not only prevent physical contact short circuit between positive and negative plates, but also ensure the passage of particles in the electrochemical reaction. The rated voltage of a single battery is only 2V. In order to meet the voltage requirements of the electrical appliance, several batteries must be connected in series, so there is a connecting strip.

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