How was a lead-acid battery invented? The development of lead-acid batteries!

Definition: The electrode is mainly made of lead and its oxides. The electrolyte is a battery of sulfuric acid solution. English: Lead-acid battery. Under the discharge state, the positive electrode is mainly composed of lead dioxide, and the main component of the negative electrode is lead; In the charging state, the main components of the positive and negative poles are lead sulfate. Divided into exhaust batteries and maintainable lead-acid batteries.

The battery is mainly composed of tubular positive plates, negative plates, electrolytes, partitions, battery slots, battery covers, pole columns, and injection caps. The electrode of the exhaust battery is composed of lead and lead oxide, and the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. The main advantages are voltage stability and cheap; The disadvantages are low specific energy (ie, electrical energy stored per kilogram of battery), short service life and frequent daily maintenance. Old-fashioned batteries generally have a life span of about 2 years and need to regularly check the height of the electrolyte and add distilled water. However, with the development of technology, lead-acid batteries have a longer life and easier to maintain.

The most obvious feature of a lead-acid battery is that it has a screw-open plastic sealing cap on top and a venting hole. These filling caps are used to fill pure water, check electrolytes and vent gases. In theory, lead-acid batteries need to check the density and level of the electrolyte at each maintenance. If there is a shortage, add distilled water. However, with the upgrade of battery manufacturing technology, lead-acid batteries have developed into lead-acid maintenance-free batteries and gel-free maintenance-free batteries. Lead-acid batteries do not require the addition of electrolyte or distilled water. The main purpose is to use the positive electrode to generate oxygen to absorb the oxygen in the negative electrode to prevent the water from decreasing. Lead-acid water batteries are mostly used in tractors, tricycles, and automobile starters, while maintenance-free lead-acid batteries have a wider range of applications, including uninterruptible power supplies, electric vehicle power, and electric bicycle batteries. Lead-acid batteries are classified into constant current discharges (such as uninterruptible power supplies) and instantaneous discharges (such as car start batteries) depending on the application.

Chinese name lead-acid battery foreign name Lead-acidbattery alias lead-acid water battery

When the discharge is carried out, the concentration of sulfuric acid solution will continue to decrease. When the density of the solution drops to 1.18 g/ml, it should be stopped for charging.

Charge: 2PbSO? +2 H? O = PbO? + Pb + 2H? SO? (cell cell)

Lead batteries

Lead Battery (4 sheets)

Discharge: PbO? + Pb + 2H? SO? = 2PbSO? +2 H? O (primary battery)

Anode: PbSO? +2 H? O-2e-= = PbO? +4H <UNK> + SO? 2-

Cathode: PbSO? +2 E-= = Pb + SO? 2-

Negative: Pb + SO? 2-2e = = PbSO?

Positive: PbO? +4H <UNK> + SO42-+2 E-= = PbSO? +2 H? O

History

The battery was invented by the French Plante in 1859 and has a history of more than 100 years. After the invention of lead-acid batteries, it has always occupied an absolute advantage in chemical power supply. This is because of its low price, easy access to raw materials, full reliability in use, suitable for high current discharge and a wide range of ambient temperature.

G.Plante invented the lead-acid battery in 1859 and has undergone nearly 150 years of development. The lead-acid battery has achieved great progress in theoretical research in terms of product types and varieties, and product electrical properties. Whether it is in transportation, communications, electricity, military or in the various economic fields of navigation andspecial, lead-acid batteries have played an indispensable and important role.

By the beginning of the 20th century, lead-acid batteries had undergone many major improvements, improving energy density, cycle life, and high power discharge. However, the open-type lead-acid battery has two main disadvantages: 1. At the end of charging, the water will decompose into hydrogen, oxygen gas will be precipitated, and acid and water will need to be added often, and maintenance work will be heavy; When the gas overflows, it carries acid fog, corrodes the surrounding equipment, pollutes the environment, and limits the application of batteries. In the past two decades, in order to solve the above two problems, countries around the world have competed to develop sealed lead-acid batteries, hoping to achieve battery seals and obtain clean green energy.

In 1912, Thomas Edison issued a patent, proposing the use of platinum wire in the upper space of a single battery. When there is a current passing through, platinum is heated to become a catalyst for hydrogen and oxidation, and the precipitated H2 and O2 are recombined to return to the electrolyte. However, the patent has not been implemented: 1 Platinum catalyst will soon fail; 2 The gas is not precipitated according to the chemometrics of hydrogen 2oxygen 1, and there is still gas inside the battery. There is a danger of explosion.

In the 1960s, Gates invented lead-calcium alloys, which caused the development of sealed lead-acid batteries. Major battery companies in the world invested a lot of manpower and material resources in development.

In 1969, the United States moon landing plan was implemented. Sealed vale-controlled lead-acid batteries and cadmium nickel batteries were included in the power supply for lunar vehicles. Finally, cadmium nickel batteries were adopted, but the sealed lead-acid battery technology has since been developed.

From 1969 to 1970, EC produced about 350,000 small sealed lead-acid batteries. The battery used fiberglass cotton partitions and lean liquid systems. This was the earliest commercial valve controlled lead-acid batteries, but it was not yet recognized at the time. Its oxygen recombination principle.

In 1975, after many years of hard work and high cost, GatesRutter obtained a patent for the invention of a D-type sealed lead-acid dry battery, becoming today's VRLA battery prototype.

In 1979, GNB Corporation invented the MFX positive gate patent alloy after purchasing the patents of Gates, and began large-scale promotion and production of large-capacity sealed-free maintenance-free lead-acid batteries.

In 1984, VRLA batteries were used in a small range in the United States and Europe.

In 1987, with the rapid development of the telecommunications industry, VRLA batteries were rapidly promoted in the telecommunications sector.

In 1991, the British telecommunications department inspected and tested the VRLA battery being used, and found that the VRLA battery did not appear as the manufacturer advertised, the battery experienced thermal runaway, burning and early capacity failure, which caused the battery industry Widely discussed, and expressed doubts about the development prospects, capacity monitoring technology, thermal runaway and reliability of VRLA batteries. At this time, the market share of VRLA batteries is less than 50% of that of liquid-rich batteries. The name “maintaining lead-acid batteries” was officially replaced by “VRLA batteries” because VRLA batteries are a type of battery that needs to be managed, and “maintenance-free” is easy to cause misunderstanding.

In 1992, in response to questions raised in 1991, battery experts and technicians from manufacturers published articles proposing countermeasures and opinions, in which DrDaridFeder proposed the use of electrical conductivity to monitor VRLA batteries. I. C. Bearinger reviews the technical sophistication of VRLA batteries. These articles have greatly promoted the development and application of VRLA batteries.

In 1992, the use of VRLA batteries in the world increased significantly in Europe and the Americas, and the use of VRLA batteries in the telecommunications sector in Asian countries was promoted; In 1996, the VRLA battery basically replaced the traditional liquid-rich battery, and the VRLA battery has been recognized by the majority of users.

Development

During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the size of China's lead-acid battery market has rapidly expanded, and the output has grown rapidly at an average rate of about 20 % per year. The overall scale has tripled, rising from about 70 million KVAh in 2005 to 144.1668 million KVAh in 2010.

In 2011, the production and sales scale of lead-acid battery industry in China has been expanded, profits and sales profits have risen significantly, and the industry's operating efficiency is better. In 2011, the total assets of China's lead-acid battery industry were 88.091 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 39.35 %; The sales revenue was 96.515 billion yuan, an increase of 32.40 % year-on-year; The total profit reached 5.720 billion yuan, an increase of 10.81 % year-on-year. For details, see the forward-looking "Analysis of Market Prospects and Investment Strategic Planning for China's Lead Acid Battery Industry".

At the same time, after years of development of lead-acid battery technology, its specific energy, cycle life, high and low temperature adaptability and other issues have made breakthroughs. At present, China is gradually narrowing the gap with the international leading technology. It has reached the international level in some core technologies and has increasingly entered the international market.

With the increasing competition in the lead-acid battery industry, mergers and acquisitions between large lead-acid battery manufacturers and capital operations have become more frequent, and domestic excellent lead-acid battery manufacturers have increasingly attached importance to the study of the industry market. Especially to the enterprise development environment and the change of customer demand trend in-depth study. Because of this, a large number of excellent domestic lead-acid battery brand rapid rise, gradually become lead-acid battery industry leader!

At present, there are three main problems in the development of lead-acid battery industry: First, illegal lead-acid battery and recycled lead production enterprises still exist, the level of technical equipment is not high, and the operating standard enterprises are still in a disadvantaged position in the market competition, affecting the healthy development of the industry. Second, a small number of enterprises disregard the requirements of the state for hazardous waste management and illegally engage in the collection, storage and disposal of waste lead batteries. A large number of waste lead-acid batteries have flooded into illegal recycling channels, making the standard recycling enterprises lack price competitive advantages. Third, the lead-acid battery industry lacks technical support, the economical and reasonable pollution control technology, especially the clean production technology industrialization operation of batteries is obviously insufficient, and the promotion of advanced technology is not enough, which restricts the technological progress of the industry.

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