What are the uses of lithium batteries?

Lithium batteries are used in a wide variety of applications, such as mobile phones/tablets/laptops/flashlights/digital cameras/digital products/LED flashlights/laser flashlights/outdoor lighting flashlights/engineering lighting Lamps/mineral lamps/emergency lights/electric toys/game machines/remote control aircraft/power tools/cordless household appliances/electric bicycles/electric recreational vehicles/portable audio/video digital/instrument instruments balance vehicles, scooters. They can also be used in cars, such as electric vehicles, starting power, can also be used in the energy storage of the power system.

A "lithium battery" is a type of battery using a lithium metal or a lithium alloy as a negative electrode material and using a nonaqueous electrolyte solution. Lithium metal batteries were first proposed and studied by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1912. In the 1970s, MSWhittingham proposed and began researching lithium-ion batteries. Due to the very active chemical properties of lithium metal, the processing, storage and use of lithium metal are very demanding on the environment. Therefore, lithium batteries have not been used for a long time. With the development of science and technology, lithium batteries have become the mainstream.

Lithium batteries can be roughly divided into two categories: lithium metal batteries and lithium ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries do not contain metallic lithium and are rechargeable. The fifth-generation lithium-metal battery of rechargeable batteries was born in 1996, and its safety, specific capacity, self-discharge rate and performance price ratio are better than lithium-ion batteries. Due to its own high technical requirements, only a few companies in the country are producing such lithium metal batteries.

Lithium metal battery:

A lithium metal battery is generally a battery using manganese dioxide as a positive electrode material, metallic lithium or an alloy metal thereof as a negative electrode material, and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution.

Basic principle of lithium battery

Discharge reaction: Li+MnO2=LiMnO2

lithium ion battery:

A lithium ion battery is generally a battery using a lithium alloy metal oxide as a positive electrode material, graphite as a negative electrode material, and a nonaqueous electrolyte.

The reaction that occurs on the charged positive electrode is

LiCoO2==Li(1-x)CoO2+XLi++Xe-(electron)

The reaction occurring on the charging negative electrode is

6C+XLi++Xe-=LixC6

Rechargeable battery total reaction: LiCoO2+6C=Li(1-x)CoO2+LixC6

Positive electrode

Cathode material: There are many optional cathode materials, and most of the mainstream products use lithium iron phosphate. Different cathode material comparisons:

LiCoO2

3.7V

140mAh/g

Li2Mn2O4

4.0V

100mAh/g

LiFePO4

3.3V

100mAh/g

Li2FePO4F

3.6V

115mAh/g

Positive electrode reaction: Lithium ions are embedded during discharge, and lithium ions are deintercalated during charging. When charging: LiFePO4→Li1-xFePO4+xLi++xe-discharge: Li1-xFePO4+xLi++xe-→LiFePO4.

Negative electrode

Anode material: Graphite is mostly used. New research has found that titanate may be a better material.

Negative electrode reaction: Lithium ions are deintercalated during discharge, and lithium ions are embedded during charging.

When charging: xLi++xe-+6C→LixC6

When discharging: LixC6→xLi++xe-+6C

Early development editor

Lithium batteries were first used in pacemakers. The lithium battery has a very low self-discharge rate and a flat discharge voltage, so that the pacemaker implanted in the human body can operate for a long time without recharging. Lithium batteries generally have a nominal voltage higher than 3.0 volts, making them more suitable for use as integrated circuit power supplies. Manganese dioxide batteries are widely used in calculators, digital cameras, and watches.

In order to develop more excellent varieties, various materials have been studied to create an unprecedented product.

In 1992, Sony successfully developed lithium-ion batteries. Its practicality has greatly reduced the weight and volume of portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, notebooks, and calculators.

Development process editor

1. In the 1970s, Exxon's MSWhittingham used titanium sulfide as the positive electrode material and lithium metal as the negative electrode material to make the first lithium battery.

2. In 1980, J. Goodenough discovered that lithium cobaltate can be used as a positive electrode material for lithium ion batteries.

3. In 1982, RRAgarwal and JRselman of the Illinois Institute of Technology discovered that lithium ions have the property of being embedded in graphite. This process is fast and reversible. At the same time, the lithium battery made of lithium metal has attracted much attention, so people tried to make a rechargeable battery by utilizing the characteristics of lithium ion embedded graphite. The first available lithium ion graphite electrode was successfully produced by Bell Labs.

4. In 1983, M. Thackeray and J. Goodenough discovered that manganese spinel is an excellent cathode material with low cost, stability and excellent conductivity and lithium guiding properties. The decomposition temperature is high, and the oxidation is much lower than that of lithium cobaltate. Even if short circuit or overcharge occurs, the risk of burning and explosion can be avoided.

5. In 1989, A. Manthiram and J. Goodenough discovered that a positive electrode with a polymeric anion would produce a higher voltage.

6. In 1991, Sony released the first commercial lithium-ion battery. Subsequently, lithium-ion batteries revolutionized the face of consumer electronics.

7. In 1996, Padhi and Goodenough discovered that phosphates with olivine structure, such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), are superior to traditional cathode materials and have become the mainstream cathode materials.

With the widespread use of digital products such as mobile phones, notebook computers, etc., lithium-ion batteries are widely used in such products with excellent performance, and are gradually being developed into other product applications. In 1998, Tianjin Power Research Institute began commercial production of lithium-ion batteries. Habitually, people also call lithium-ion batteries lithium batteries, but these two batteries are not the same. Lithium-ion batteries have become a mainstream.

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