Will solid-state batteries really enable large-scale commercialization of all-electric vehicles?

Facing the environment pollution, oil resources dried up slowly. We need new energy. The electric car is relatively more environmentally friendly than fuel car, but can't meet the needs of people in the aspect of storage and charging. Now we need new material to make electric cars have faster charging, and store more electricity with a smaller volume.

Solid-state batteries are the crown of titles: "' instead of ', 'the next generation of lithium-ion batteries lithium ion batteries technology ', 'the best way out'...The point is that the existing system of liquid lithium-ion battery energy density limit in 350-500 Wh/kg, the future is difficult to meet the national technical target, and the energy density of the solid-state batteries can reach 800-900 Wh/kg.

Combined with high charge and discharge times, charging time is short features, solid-state batteries have greatly increased the range of electric vehicles, to further strengthen the new energy vehicles and the traditional automobile market competition. Not only that, the use of solid electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries in the electrolyte and the diaphragm, also reduces the new energy automobile accident risk.

Introduce a researcher at the Chinese Academy of sciences institute of physics, the already commercialized high-capacity solid-state batteries are main or polymer solid-state batteries, namely polyethylene ethyl solid electrolyte. According to the institute of medicine of the hydropower in Quebec, Canada, metallic lithium battery can use 46 microns thick, 30 microns thick polymer electrolyte and 30 microns thick of lithium iron phosphate anode, under the condition of a third c loop one thousand times, working temperature 60 ℃ and 85 ℃, and battery pack need to have heat preservation function. Foreign predators dense release commercialization schedule to 2017 years later, the domestic and foreign enterprises to accelerate the solid-state batteries commercial layout. Means that, in 2018 there will be more enterprises to enter the field, and there will be a clearer timetable commercialization process.

In Frankfurt motor show in September this year, Volkswagen announced large-scale electric vehicle development project 'RoadmapE', by 2030 all VW models will have an electric version, investment up to 70 billion euros, of which 50 billion euros will be on power battery. At the same time, Volkswagen CEO Mullen said: 'we have planned the next generation of power battery: more than 1000 kilometers of the solid-state batteries''

After a month, Toyota motor show in Tokyo, announced the launch of solid-state batteries product schedule advance from 2022 to 2020., according to Toyota executive vice President of Toyota's solid-state batteries energy density can reach 300 Wh/kg, or even 600 Wh/kg. If it is 400 Wh/kg, for 60 KWH of solid-state batteries only 10 to 15 minutes.

Each time the battery performance significantly increased, major changes are essentially battery material system. Because each kind of battery material system has its energy density limit.

From the first generation of nickel metal hydride batteries and manganese acid lithium battery, the second generation lithium iron phosphate batteries applied widely and is expected to continue until around 2020 in the third generation ternary battery, energy density and cost respectively presents the obvious trend of rising and falling. Therefore, the next generation of the power battery system, chosen for realizing the goal of the electric car popularity of around 2025 is of crucial importance.

The current batteries, lithium iron phosphate monomer energy density in the 120 - roughly 140 Wh/kg, the scale of ternary monomer battery energy density can reach 130-130 Wh/kg, the battery is three yuan in the lab can reach 300 Wh/kg.

But subject to the existing system architecture and key cathode material impact, the existing system of lithium-ion battery energy density is basically difficult to break through 300 Wh/kg, it is difficult to meet the needs of the future power battery. Want to reach 2025 400 wh/kg monomer battery energy density, the level of 500 Wh/kg in 2030, new battery technology R&D and industrialization is imminent, it means that the range of electric vehicles that now will be doubled.

Current commercial lithium-ion batteries, the main problem is to use the liquid/gel electrolyte, the electrochemical window is limited, difficult to compatible with lithium metal anode and new research and development of high voltage anode material so that the energy density rise a bottleneck. And in the security level, this architecture also cause short-circuit spark, ion concentration increases the battery internal resistance, electrode material consumption and so on.

And solid-state batteries into the field of vision, because it has a high ionic conductivity and mechanical strength, wide electrochemical stability window and working temperature range, can achieve high energy density, high power density, and high security.

Solid electrolyte than organic electrolyte has a wide electrochemical window, is conducive to further broaden the battery voltage range, and because there is no concentration polarization and can work in high current conditions, thus enhance battery energy density. And solid electrolyte nonflammable, non-corrosive, non-volatile, there is no leakage problem, no diaphragm separated are negative, prevent lithium dendrite growth, fundamentally avoids the battery short circuit phenomenon, can be used more negative material.

In addition, when integrated into electric cars, solid-state batteries also has compact structure, size is adjustable, the characteristics of elasticity and designed for vehicle integration.

At present has the potential of polymer solid electrolyte materials can be divided into, sulfide and oxide, but different material and different permutation and combination of the chemical performance difference is very big, some fast charging and some high energy density, strengths and to be short, it's hard to do a material to solve all the problems.

At the same time, not stable chemical properties and preparation technology problems such as imperfect real also let solid-state batteries still have a long way to go.

The realization of the industrialization of solid-state batteries fundamentally depends on the breakthrough on the level of material technology, the current patent on solid-state batteries far more than other types of batteries. High energy density industrialization application of solid-state batteries, is expected to take five to 10 years. Part of the advanced enterprises in 2020, small batch production of solid-state batteries and really large production is expected to be around 2025.

In the development of science and technology, human progress, hope to research institutions and enterprises to develop more practical, more populist price products. Make our world a better place.

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