Decryption: the composition and working principle of lead-acid batteries

(1) Overview of industry development

1. Overview of battery industry development

Battery manufacturing is an important part of the traditional industry and the new energy industry in China. It is closely related to many strategic emerging industries such as new energy vehicles, renewable energy, modern electronic information, new materials and equipment manufacturing. It is also the most important basic industry in China's national economic construction. It is the foundation of the national economy and people's livelihood and the building of a well-off society. The battery products are adapting to the national economic development under the new situation in China, ensuring the needs ofspecial strategy, meeting the needs of the masses, diversifying the needs of living and so on. In terms of aspects, it has a wide range of applications and plays a very important role. The battery includes a physical battery and a chemical battery. A physical battery is a device that directly converts solar energy, thermal energy, orspecial energy into direct current electrical energy by using physical effects, such as a solar cell, a thermoelectric generator, aspecial battery, etc., and a chemical battery is a device that directly converts chemical energy into direct current electrical energy, such as Lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, zinc-manganese batteries, etc. In batteries, chemical batteries are the most important batteries. According to whether the chemical battery can be recycled, it can be divided into two major categories: primary battery and secondary battery. Among them, the primary battery is a battery that can only be used once for active substances, also known as primary battery, such as zinc-manganese battery, alkaline manganese battery, etc. The secondary battery can be charged and recycled, also known as a battery. The battery uses the active material in the battery to generate a chemical reaction output current in a discharged state, and a reverse chemical reaction occurs in the charged state to store electric energy.

According to the electrode material and working principle, the battery is mainly divided into four categories: lead-acid battery, lithium-ion battery, nickel-hydrogen battery and nickel-cadmium battery. Among them, lead-acid battery has high cost performance, large capacity, high power and long life. It is safe and reliable. It is the largest and most versatile battery in the world. Lithium-ion batteries also occupy a certain market share due to their high energy density.

2. Overview of lead-acid batteries

(1) Composition and working principle of lead-acid battery

The standard voltage of a lead-acid battery cell (also known as a cell) is 2 v. In order to meet the needs of high voltage of electrical appliances, batteries are often combined into 6 v, 12 v and other battery packs in series; in order to meet the high capacity requirements of electrical appliances, it is often achieved by increasing the area of ??the plates or by parallel welding the same plates into pole groups. . The battery that is fully charged and discharged according to certain discharge conditions, when discharged to the specified voltage, is called the capacity of the battery. The unit is generally used in ampere hours (referred to as “Ah”, “ah”). The ability of a battery to discharge electricity is called energy, which is the capacity of the battery multiplied by the average discharge voltage, usually expressed in volt-amperes (volt-ampere-hours) or kilovolt-ampere-hours (kVAh).

(2) Invention of lead-acid battery

Compared with other secondary batteries, lead-acid batteries mainly have the following performance advantages: A, the longest time to achieve industrial production, the most mature technology, stable performance, reliable, good applicability; B, using dilute sulfuric acid for electrolysis Liquid, no flammability, battery with normal pressure or low voltage design, good safety; C, high working voltage, wide operating temperature range, suitable for high-rate discharge applications such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), D, floating charge It has excellent performance in shallow charging and shallow discharge. It is suitable for uninterruptible power supply (UPS), new energy storage, power grid cutting and valley filling, etc. E, large-capacity battery technology is mature, can make thousands of ampere-hour batteries, Large-scale energy storage provides convenience.

2 cost comparison advantage

Lead-acid batteries are the cheapest secondary batteries, and the price per unit of energy is about 1/3 of that of lithium-ion batteries or hydrogen-nickel batteries. In addition, the main components of lead-acid batteries are lead and lead compounds, the lead content is up to 60% of the total mass of the battery, the residual value of the used battery is higher, and the recovery price exceeds 30% of the new battery, so the comprehensive cost of the lead-acid battery Lower.

3 regeneration and utilization of comparative advantages

The lead-acid battery has a simple composition, mature regeneration technology and high recovery value, making it the easiest battery to be recycled and recycled. The global production of recycled lead has exceeded the production of primary lead. The recycling rate of lead in lead-acid batteries in the United States has exceeded 98.5%, and the recycling rate of waste lead-acid batteries in China has reached more than 90%. Nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, and lithium-ion batteries are mostly small batteries, and the composition is complicated, the recycling cost is high, the recovery is difficult, and the recycling industry is difficult to achieve market operation. At present, the average recycling rate of the aforementioned batteries is less than 20%, especially for lithium ion batteries, and most countries have not yet achieved effective recovery and regeneration.

(2) Insufficient lead-acid battery

1 low energy density

The quality and volumetric energy density of traditional lead-acid batteries are low, the energy density is only about 1/3 of that of lithium-ion batteries, about 1/2 of that of nickel-hydrogen batteries, and the volume is large, which is not suitable for occasions with light weight and small volume. use. In the future, there is still much room for improvement in the energy density of lead-acid batteries, especially lead-acid batteries using new materials and new technologies such as foam carbon.

2 cycle life is short

The traditional lead-acid battery has a short cycle life, and the theoretical cycle number is about 1/3 of that of a lithium ion battery. The space for improving the cycle life of lead-acid batteries is still relatively large, especially new materials, new structures and new technologies of lead-acid batteries, such as bipolar lead-acid batteries, lead-carbon batteries.

3 industry chain has lead pollution risk

Lead is the main raw material for lead-acid batteries. Lead accounts for more than 60% of the battery quality. The lead used in global lead-acid batteries accounts for more than 80% of the total lead. Lead is a heavy metal. The lead-acid battery manufacturing industry chain (including primary lead smelting, battery manufacturing, battery recycling, and recycled lead smelting) has a high risk of lead pollution. Poor management can cause environmental pollution and harm to human health.

4 Lead-acid battery and environmental protection

Lead-acid battery manufacturing is the main industry for lead. Its industrial chain is in lead smelting, battery production, waste battery recycling, and lead smelting. There is a risk of lead pollution, but lead pollution in the whole process of the industry chain can be effectively controlled. The technology for prevention and control of lead pollution is relatively mature. Foreign countries have already provided complete sets of technologies and equipment for the smelting of primary lead and recycled lead. The domestic lead smelting technology is basically mature, including lead-acid battery manufacturing, as long as the advanced environmental protection equipment is configured according to the specifications. The environmental protection equipment is in normal operation and basically does not cause lead pollution incidents. In the field of lead-acid battery manufacturing, advanced cleaning, automation, mechanized production equipment, and advanced environmental protection technology and equipment have been widely used, so that lead-lead lead dust and lead compounds in water are effectively treated, and lead pollution is effectively controlled. The advanced production processes include: one furnace multi-machine grid casting process, lead ingot cold cutting technology, automatic package and brush, internalization process. Advanced environmental protection processes include: high-efficiency pulsed lead dust processor, multi-stage wet lead smoke processor, alkali mist spray acid mist processor, and wastewater reuse system. In the past, the frequent lead pollution incidents in China were mainly caused by relevant regulations, inadequate policies and inadequate management of the whole process. Mainly in five aspects: First, the disorderly competition between smelters, especially small smelting, illegal smelters in order to compete for the market at low prices, using the method of soil smelting, no environmental protection facilities or facilities are not functioning properly, even There are also some large smelters in order to reduce costs, there is a phenomenon of environmental protection irregularities, resulting in the occurrence of pollution incidents of primary lead enterprises. Second, there are a large number of small factories in the lead-acid battery manufacturing industry. Their production equipment is backward, and it is impossible to allocate complete and advanced environmental protection equipment and sanitary protection facilities, which is not conducive to environmental protection and resource utilization. Third, the recovery of lead-acid batteries is completely in an unorganized recovery state, which is an important link leading to lead and acid pollution. Fourth, a large number of used batteries flowed to small-scale regenerative lead plants, resulting in frequent environmental pollution incidents due to out-of-control management. Fifth, there is a risk of cadmium contamination in power lead-acid batteries.

(II) Industry competition

1, industry supply and demand situation and reasons for change

(1) Global lead-acid battery market supply and demand situation

From the perspective of global lead-acid battery supply, lead-acid battery shipments increased by 2.75% in 2015 compared with the previous year, and shipments reached 468-100 million kVAh. It is expected that shipments will remain between 2% and -3% in the next five years. The growth rate.

(2) Supply and demand status of lead-acid batteries in China

During the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, the lead-acid battery production is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 10.76%. By 2020, the lead-acid battery production will reach 35,000 to 10,000 kVAh. In recent years, through the industry's continuous technology introduction, digestion, absorption and investment in Europe, the United States, Japan, South Korea and other countries in China, the manufacturing technology of China's lead-acid battery products is close to the international advanced level. At present, China has become a global leader in the production, consumption and export of lead-acid batteries. In recent years, the output of China's export lead-acid batteries has maintained a relatively rapid growth. In 2015, the export output was 3078, with a correlation of 10,000 kVAh, a year-on-year increase of 9.44%. In 2016, the export output fell by 28.04 million kVAh, down 8.90% year-on-year.

(3) Overview of market demand for lead-acid batteries

As the oldest chemical power source, lead-acid batteries are widely used in telecommunications, power systems, computer systems and automation control systems, emergency lighting and other backup power batteries, new energy and energy storage batteries, automobiles, ships. , motorcycles, tanks, tractors, diesel engines and other starter batteries, electric bicycles, electric vehicles, electric tricycles, electric forklifts and golf carts and other power batteries.

1 standby power battery demand

First, UPS battery requirements

UPS power supply is the abbreviation of UninterruptablePowerSupply, which is an uninterruptible power supply. As an electronic AC conversion system with energy storage device, its basic function is to provide uninterrupted power supply when interrupting power supply, and always provide high-quality AC power to the load. It achieves voltage regulation, frequency stabilization, suppression of surges, spikes, electrical noise, compensation voltage subsidence, long-term low voltage and other factors. UPS power system can be divided into UPS power system for information equipment and UPS power system for industrial power according to its application fields. A large category letter. The UPS power system for information equipment is mainly used in the information industry, the security protection of computer, information systems, data network centers, etc. in the industry, transportation, financial industry,special industry, etc., as a computer information system, communication system, Important peripherals such as data network centers protect computer data, ensure grid voltage and frequency stability, improve power grid quality, and prevent instantaneous power outages and accident power outages from causing harm to users. Industrial power UPS power system is mainly used in: industrial power equipment industry power, steel, non-ferrous metals, coal, petrochemical, construction, medicine, automotive, food, military and other fields, as power automation industrial system equipment, remote implementation system equipment , high-voltage circuit breakers, switching, relay protection, automatic devices, signal devices, etc. AC and DC uninterruptible power supply equipment, quality is directly related to the safe operation of the power grid, is the "heart" of power generation equipment and power transmission and transformation equipment. In 2016, the scale of China's UPS market is expected to be 5.519 billion yuan, and the market will maintain a relatively fast growth rate in the future.

B, battery demand for communication power

Lead-acid batteries are mainly used in the communication industry for backup power supply of mobile base stations. They are mainly used in power industry, control and protection of substations and backup power and energy storage power supply for power DC power supply systems. The product category is valve-controlled. Sealed maintenance-free fixed lead-acid batteries, therefore, the market demand for lead-acid batteries for communication power is inseparable from the development prospects of the communication power industry. The communications industry is one of the fastest growing and most innovative areas in the world. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the state will continue to strengthen the construction of "Broadband China" and promote the construction of basic communication networks. Accelerate the construction of all-fiber network cities and 4 g networks. In 2015, the network construction investment exceeded RMB 4,300, and the accumulated investment in 2016-2017 was not less than 7,000 billion yuan. Promote the fiber-to-the-home process, expand the coverage of mobile communications, and increase the speed of mobile broadband. The demand for valve-regulated sealed lead-acid batteries in the domestic communications industry will grow steadily. In addition, power system substation backup power supply, rechargeable lighting, rechargeable electric fans and other electrical emergency electrical products have a strong demand for lead-acid batteries.

2 energy storage battery market demand

Energy storage technology is widely used and has huge market demand potential. It is a key link in the energy Internet, mainly reflected in the following aspects:

First, the output power of intermittent power sources such as photovoltaics and wind power is unstable. When the proportion of power generation reaches a high proportion, it will cause certain impact on the power grid. Therefore, a certain proportion of energy storage needs to be matched to stabilize the photovoltaic, and the output of the wind power station. power.

Second, in areas where electricity prices are higher than those with higher on-grid tariffs, distributed energy storage tends to be economical in areas with large differences in peak-to-valley electricity prices; microgrids and off-grid demand for energy storage are also straightforward.

Third, the application of energy storage in the power system will change the mode of energy production, transmission and use simultaneously, to make up for the missing “storage and discharge” function in the power system, so as to optimize the allocation of power resources and improve energy efficiency.

Fourth, the advancement of energy storage technology has also led to the rapid development of electric vehicles. Fifth, in the emerging energy Internet, due to the large-scale access of renewable energy and distributed energy in the large power grid, combined with the popularization of micro-grid and electric vehicles, energy storage technology will be crucial to coordinate these applications. In the first step, the energy storage link will become a key node of the entire energy Internet; the rise of the energy Internet will significantly drive the demand for energy storage, and help the energy storage industry to achieve leapfrog development. Lead-acid batteries are currently the preferred choice for energy storage batteries. From a cost perspective, lead-acid batteries have better economics than other chemical storage methods such as lithium batteries. From the perspective of product performance, the lead-acid battery technology is mature, the safety is high, and the applicable temperature range is large; the lithium battery has consistency in the application of the large battery pack, and there are safety problems in the large power battery unit. The lead-carbon battery of the new lead-acid battery further enhances the performance of the battery, the number of cycles is greatly improved, and the cost per unit of use is also reduced. Lead-acid battery products have relatively good application prospects in the field of energy storage.

3 start battery requirements

The starting battery mainly supplies energy to the starting motor of the automobile or motorcycle equipped with the internal combustion engine, thereby driving the engine flywheel to realize the starting of the engine, and also providing the lighting power source. Starting the battery requires a large current to be supplied in a short period of time. It can work normally even at a low temperature below minus 20 degrees, and has a good anti-overcharge capability when the battery is continuously charged after starting the internal combustion engine. The lead-acid battery meets the needs of this field just because of its wide temperature range, high current discharge performance, safety and stability, and high cost performance. Other batteries have a certain gap compared with lead-acid batteries in terms of capacity, price, safety and environmental applicability. In the field of starting batteries, they cannot form substantial competition with lead-acid batteries. The starter battery market mainly includes the automobile start market and the motorcycle start market.

First, the car start market

The downstream market of automobile starter batteries is divided into primary market (supporting market) and secondary market (maintenance market). Under the background of continuous growth of automobile production and sales and possession, the market size of automobile starter battery shows a rapid growth trend. The primary market is to provide matching products for automobile manufacturers. Each new car is usually equipped with one battery. The secondary market refers to the storage vehicle customers who purchase batteries through auto parts dealers, auto 4 s stores, battery operation departments and auto repair shops during the vehicle maintenance and repair process. The car starter battery is a consumable item in auto parts, and the average life expectancy is about 2 years. Therefore, the demand quantity of the car starter battery market is the sum of the new car sales volume and the car ownership. China's automobile sales increased from 18.62 million in 2010 to 2,802,800 in 2016, with an average annual growth rate of 7.60%; China's car ownership increased from more than 78.20 million in 2010 to more than 19,400 in 2016. Ten thousand vehicles, with an average annual growth rate of 16.39%. The continued growth of automotive sales and stocks provides a good market environment for the development of automotive starter batteries.

B, motorcycle starter market

China is the world's first motorcycle producer and consumer, motorcycle production, sales accounted for more than half of world production, sales, while China's motorcycle ownership is also ranked first in the world, close to one-third of the global motorcycle possession . As of the end of June 2015, the number of motorcycles in the country was about 90 million. If the unlicensed vehicles were considered, the number of motorcycles in the country was about 1.2 to 130 million. In 2016, the output and sales of motorcycles were 1682. The number of motorcycles and 16.8 million vehicles is still relatively large.

3 power battery demand

Power batteries require high-power charge and discharge performance, mainly used in electric bicycles, electric tricycles and low-speed electric vehicles. The market demand is growing steadily. The power battery market is divided into a primary market and a secondary market. The primary market is the new car market and the secondary market is the maintenance market. Currently, the lead-acid battery replacement cycle is about 2 years. The sales volume of electric bicycle lead-acid batteries in the Chinese market will grow steadily with a compound annual growth rate of 5.4% from 2016 to 2021. The electric tricycle has the dual functions of transportation and cargo. It is popular in rural areas and second- and third-tier cities. The last mile of the booming express delivery industry is basically completed by electric tricycles. On October 26, 2015, the State Council issued the issue. Several Opinions on Promoting the Development of the Express Industry. According to this opinion, in 2020, China will basically realize the network outlets in rural areas, villages and villages express delivery, the annual business volume of express delivery will reach 500 million pieces, and the national standards for the special electric tricycles for express delivery and the regulations on production, use and management will be introduced. The rapid development of China's express delivery industry and the acceleration of urbanization construction are bound to promote the explosive growth of the electric tricycle market. In 2015, China sold more than 15 million electric tricycles, an increase of about 30% year-on-year. It is estimated that by 2020, the number of electric tricycles in China will be maintained. Nearly 100 million vehicles. With the industry standardization ushered in healthy development, lead-acid batteries for low-speed electric vehicles have become a new growth point. At present, low-speed electric vehicles using lead-acid batteries are mainly concentrated in Shandong, Henan and other provinces. Since 2014, local industry regulations have been introduced one after another, and industry norms have improved. For example, on June 12, 2014, Shandong Province issued the “Shandong Province Automobile”. Industry Standards (small pure electric vehicles) and “Access Conditions for Small Electric Vehicle Manufacturers in Shandong Province”, March 2014, Luoyang City, Henan Province issued “Interim Measures for the Production and Management of Low-Speed Four-Wheel Electric Vehicles in Luoyang City”. 2015 Shandong Province produced 347,000 small electric vehicles, an increase of about 53.7% year-on-year. The output has increased by more than 50% for three consecutive years. Shandong Province has set a goal of producing 100 million micro-electric vehicles per year by 2020.

2. Industry competition pattern and marketization degree

In the past ten years, the growth of demand for automobiles, communications, electric bicycles and new energy storage has promoted the steady growth of China's lead-acid battery industry. With the acceleration of China's market economy process, China's lead-acid battery enterprises have formed a pattern of private development, foreign investment, Sino-foreign joint ventures, state-owned and other economic components and diversified ownership in the competition. With Johnson Controls, Jieshi Tangshao, Ainos and other internationally renowned lead-acid battery companies have shifted production to China, the lead-acid battery market has become increasingly international, and the trend of survival of the fittest. In addition, specialized, regional-scale enterprises have gradually formed and expanded, and market share has increased year by year. In the future, with the strict implementation of China's environmental protection policies, the implementation of industry-standard conditions and other related policies, the environmental protection investment in the lead-acid battery industry will be further increased, mature, advanced, applicable clean production technology, new technology will be promoted. In the future, only those enterprises with strong strength, strong R&D capability, stable product quality and good environmental protection capabilities are expected to win a larger market share in the market. Therefore, in the face of fierce market competition and environmental protection policy pressure, the integration of lead-acid battery industry, the process of mergers and acquisitions will accelerate, the scale of industry-advantaged enterprises will continue to expand, and small enterprises will be unable to undertake high environmental protection investment and advanced production processes. The equipment was invested and gradually merged and eliminated. In the field of backup power battery and energy storage battery, the market is distributed in the fields of telecommunications, finance, government, new energy and industrial manufacturing. The concentration of the sub-sector is low. The dominant enterprises mainly include Nandu Power, Xiongyi, Shengyang. Shares, Shuangdeng Group, Leoch International. In the field of starting battery use, the starting battery market is mainly in the new car market and maintenance market, and the industry concentration is relatively high. The dominant enterprises mainly include China Power, Camel shares, Johnson Controls and Jieshi Tangshao. In the field of power battery applications, the power battery market is mainly in electric bicycles and low-speed electric vehicles. The concentration of the industry is relatively high. The dominant enterprises mainly include Tianneng Power and Chaowei Battery.

3. The main obstacles to entering the industry

(1) Policy barriers

According to the "Regulations on the Administration of Industrial Product Production License of the People's Republic of China", the "Implementation Measures for the Administration of Industrial Product Production Licenses of the People's Republic of China" and the "Implementation Rules for the Production License of Lead-Acid Battery Products", the battery manufacturers must obtain the state. The National Industrial Product License issued by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine can only carry out production. In addition, according to the "Standard Conditions for Lead Storage Battery Industry" of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (2015), the lead-acid battery industry enterprises should be in the bureau of production, production capacity, construction projects that do not meet the standard conditions, technology and equipment, environmental protection, occupational health and Safety production, energy conservation and recycling are in compliance with the standard conditions, and the production licenses and credit financing of lead-acid battery production projects are managed on the basis of standardized conditions.

(2) Technical barriers

Ordinary open-type lead-acid batteries are listed as eliminated light-duty products. At present, the development of lead-acid batteries is focused on valve-regulated and maintenance-free lead-acid batteries. In order to ensure the quality and consistency of lead-acid battery products, many production process technologies such as grid casting, paste, coating, through-wall welding and cross-bridge welding of enterprise battery production require long-term exploration and accumulation. Gradually form its own technical route and characteristics. The important process contents such as lead paste formula are generally protected as trade secrets of industrial enterprises. Industry companies, especially large-scale production companies, have always focused on R&D investment, constantly improving the consistency of product quality and quality, and reducing the rate of defective products and production costs. In the future, the development direction of new lead-acid batteries is to reduce lead consumption, improve battery quality energy density, quality power density, cycle life and fast charging capability. At present, the new lead-acid batteries researched and developed in the industry include new structure of bipolar lead-acid batteries and bipolar ear-wound batteries, ceramic diaphragm batteries and foamed graphite lead-acid batteries and lead-carbon batteries. The research and development of new lead-acid batteries requires continuous R&D investment and related technology accumulation. Only companies with strong technical strength have the advantage to develop relevant technologies and enter relevant fields.

(3) Environmental protection and financial barriers

According to the regulations and requirements of the “Lead Battery Industry Standard Conditions” (2015), the production capacity of the same factory in the industrial enterprises should meet the minimum requirements, and the more advanced technology and automated production equipment in the industry should be adopted to improve the efficiency and reduce the environment. Pollution, but also meet the requirements of environmental protection, occupational health and safe production. The requirements of the above-mentioned regulatory conditions will greatly increase the fixed assets investment and operating costs of industrial enterprises. Enterprises with weaker financial strength are difficult to meet the requirements of the regulatory requirements and face the renewal of production licenses, credit financing, environmental verification, etc. management.

(4) Market barriers

The consideration of the quality and consistency of lead-acid battery products by middle and high-end customers makes the reputation, test results and quality performance of the products of the production enterprises more important. Therefore, the market reputation and quality performance have a greater impact on the sales of the production enterprises. Although the battery products are consumables, the service life of some batteries can be up to 20 years. Therefore, the establishment of market reputation takes a long time. The new entrants of the industry are difficult to reach the level of mature manufacturers in the short term in terms of reputation and reputation.

4. Industry profit level and trend

The main factors affecting the profit level of the industry include changes in the prices of major raw materials – changes in lead prices and changes in market demand. Thanks to the linkage mechanism between the sales price of products and the lead price that have been formed by major companies in the industry and the steady increase in market demand, the profitability of major enterprises in the industry has remained relatively stable. The gross profit margins of listed companies in the same industry for the past three years are shown in the following table:

(3) Favorable factors and unfavorable factors affecting the development of the industry

1, favorable factors

(1) The battery industry has good development prospects

Lead-acid batteries have become an indispensable basic product in the national economy due to their safety performance, high cost performance, stable and reliable quality, and the uniqueness of renewable recycling. With the advancement of the industry's own technical level and the development of the external economy and the improvement of the level of science and technology, the industry has good prospects for development. Lead-acid batteries have a wide range of applications, and are currently mainly used in: communication, electric power, automatic control, backup power batteries for emergency equipment, energy storage batteries for new energy such as wind energy and solar energy, starting, lighting for automobiles, motorcycles, and fuel engines. Power batteries for electric bicycles, low-speed electric vehicles and special electric vehicles. Lead-acid batteries with a history of more than 100 years have been playing an important role in the battery market due to their low cost, simple process, mature technology, low self-discharge and maintenance-free requirements. The above-mentioned industries will continue to develop in the future. The demand for lead-acid batteries continues to grow. At the same time, with the advancement of the technical level of lead-acid batteries, the application range of lead-acid batteries will become wider and wider, and new industry demands will continue to emerge.

(2) Support for national industrial policies

The National Development and Reform Commission's "Industrial Structure Adjustment Guidance Catalogue (2011)" (revised in 2013), clearly lists new types of structures (winding, tubular, etc.) sealed lead-acid batteries and other power batteries, new large-capacity sealed lead Acid batteries, super batteries and supercapacitors are the first category of encouraged industries. "National Medium- and Long-Term Science and Technology Development Plan 2006 - 2020" proposes to focus on solar cell related materials and key technologies, fuel cell key material technology, high-capacity hydrogen storage material technology, high-efficiency secondary battery materials and key technologies, supercapacitors Key materials and preparation techniques to develop efficient energy conversion and energy storage material systems. "Light Industry Development Plan (2016 - 2020)" clearly pointed out that it is necessary to promote the development of green, safe, high performance and long life of the battery industry, speed up new lead-acid batteries such as coiled-type and lead-carbon batteries; support the battery industry for continuous casting Technical transformation of continuous plate production such as rolling and continuous coating, and automatic integration of power-type lead battery assembly line. The "13th Five-Year Plan for Development of the Battery Industry" is to make the initial realization of China's battery industry from large to strong, further improve the threshold for entry, eliminate backward production capacity, and basically realize mechanized manufacturing. "Lead Battery Industry Standard Conditions" (2015) does not limit new lead storage batteries such as coiled, bipolar, lead carbon batteries (super batteries), or continuous (expanded mesh, punched mesh, continuous casting and rolling) Etc.) The production capacity of the production process of the plate manufacturing process.

(3) Strict implementation of policies such as industry regulations is conducive to the concentration and industrial upgrading of lead-acid battery industry

Since the implementation of the industrial product production license system in the lead-acid battery industry since 2003, China has issued a series of environmental protection policies and standards for the manufacture and recycling of lead-acid battery industry. For example, in 2011, we will carry out in-depth rectification of illegal sewage companies to protect the masses. Notice of Special Actions for Health and Environmental Protection (Huanfa [2011] No. 4), Notice on Strengthening Pollution Prevention and Control of Lead-Acid Batteries and Recycled Lead Industry (Huanfa [2011] No. 56), "Lead Battery Industry Access Conditions (The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Environmental Protection [No. 18, 2012]) and other industries have eliminated a number of lead-acid battery industry backward production capacity. In 2015, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the implementation of the "lead battery industry standard conditions", which is the "lead battery industry standard Substitution and upgrade of the conditions. The implementation of this policy will help improve the technological level and environmental management level of enterprises, reduce environmental pollution, enhance the concentration of lead-acid battery production industry in China, promote the sustainable and healthy development of China's lead-acid battery industry, and promote the reshuffle of the industry. Conducive to the sustained and rapid development of high-quality enterprises in the industry. In addition, with the transformation of China's economic growth mode, the country's environmental protection requirements for the lead-acid battery industry will be increasingly improved, and related clean production technologies, processes and equipment will be gradually promoted, which is conducive to industry concentration and industrial upgrading, and promote the industry to achieve leapfrogging. development of.

(4) Recycling of raw materials for used lead-acid batteries

Waste lead-acid batteries mainly include lead-calcium alloy grids, lead paste, battery shells and sulfuric acid. These ingredients can be recycled and reused through appropriate technologies. The recycling rate is over 90%, which can achieve a virtuous cycle of the lead-acid battery industry and its upstream and downstream “resources, products – renewable resources”. In November 2009, the Ministry of Environmental Protection The “Clean Production Standard for Lead-Recycling Industry of Waste Lead-Acid Battery” was promulgated, and clear and specific requirements were put forward for the collection, transportation, reproduction, and comprehensive utilization of used lead-acid batteries. At the same time, the state will also introduce incentive policies in the following two aspects to guide the benign development of the industry: the formulation of preferential economic policies encourages manufacturers to adopt advanced pollution-free recycled lead technology, which will promote the continuous recycling of China's renewable lead and lead-acid battery industry. Development, recycling lead enterprises to improve equipment levels, while strengthening the cooperation between the recycling lead industry and the battery industry. In 2010, the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued the "Technical Specification for Waste Lead Acid Battery Collection and Treatment Pollution Control" for the recycling of used lead-acid batteries (hj519 - 2009), "Clean Production Standards: Waste Lead-Acid Battery Lead Recycling Industry (hj510 - 2009)" two national standards. In 2015, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Science and Technology formulated the "Responsibility for the development of electrical and electronic products producers" Extending the Notice of Pilot Work, piloting the producer responsibility extension system, guiding product producers to take responsibility for recycling and resource utilization after product abandonment, motivating producers to implement product source control, green production, and thus the largest in the product life cycle Limit the use of resources to reduce the generation and emission of pollutants. In addition, industry policies such as “Regulations” encourage production companies to use the sales channels to establish a recycling mechanism for used lead-acid batteries, and to establish a recycling system for used batteries in conjunction with regenerative lead companies that meet relevant industrial policy requirements. The introduction of relevant policies and measures will inevitably regulate and promote the development of the waste lead-acid battery recycling industry and guide the healthy development of the industry.

2, unfavorable factors

(1) Lack of technological innovation capabilities and environment

Although lead-acid batteries still occupy a major market share in the secondary battery market, in recent years, due to the argument that other new material batteries are about to replace lead-acid batteries, some of the advantageous funds and scientific research strengths in the industry have been transferred, to a certain extent. The development of scientific and technological innovation of lead-acid batteries. In addition, the introduction of a 4% consumption tax on the lead-acid battery industry in 2016 further reduced the willingness and investment capacity of industrial enterprises to invest in technological innovation.

(2) Competitive pressure of large international companies

With the improvement of the manufacturing industry in China, the scale and strength of China's lead-acid battery industry enterprises have also been continuously expanded and enhanced, and the industry concentration has also been continuously improved. However, compared with international large-scale industrial production enterprises, the scale of China's lead-acid battery industry is still small, and the research and development technology, financial strength and brand influence are still weak. With the technology, capital and scale advantages of leading industries, international large-scale enterprises have formed greater competitive pressure on lead-acid battery enterprises in China.

(3) Industry development faces greater pressure from public opinion

The lead-acid battery production process uses a large amount of heavy metal lead. If the pollutant emission cannot be effectively controlled, it will have adverse effects on the environment. The development of lead-acid batteries faces greater pressure from public opinion. In fact, lead-acid batteries are the most recycling and highest recovery batteries. As long as the lead-acid battery industry is well managed, its pollution can be effectively controlled. The lead consumption of lead-acid batteries in the United States accounts for more than 95% of the total lead in the country. Due to sound regulations and effective management, lead emissions from lead-acid battery production account for only 1.5% of total emissions. The US government has Lead-acid battery production is excluded from major lead sources. In China, with the gradual promulgation and implementation of relevant domestic laws and regulations and industry policies, the environmental awareness of lead-acid battery enterprises has gradually increased, the pollution control technology has been continuously improved, and lead pollution of major enterprises in the industry has been effectively prevented. In particular, after the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Environmental Protection organized the industry access verification, industry standard conditions verification, environmental protection verification, the environmental protection status of industrial enterprises has been significantly improved.

(4) Main features of the industry

1, industry technical level and technical characteristics

In the future, increasing specific capacity and specific power, increasing cycle life and providing fast charging capability will continue to be the development trend of valve-regulated sealed lead-acid batteries. At present, the lead-acid battery industry is mainly developing in the direction of new materials, new structures and comprehensive technologies. The new material battery includes ceramic separator battery and foam graphite lead-acid battery. Among them, ceramic separator battery has new breakthrough in diaphragm material, long cycle life and high charge-discharge efficiency. Foamed graphite lead-acid battery uses foam graphite instead of lead grid. There is a new breakthrough in grid materials, which reduces lead by 70% compared to the original grid. The new structure battery includes a bipolar lead-acid battery and a bipolar wound battery, in which the bipolar lead-acid battery can reduce the lead amount by 50%, the life is extended, and the capacity is increased; the bipolar ear-wound battery has high energy density. , high and low temperature performance, ultra high rate discharge. The battery with integrated technology includes super battery and lead carbon battery. The super battery refers to the battery and the super capacitor inline, taking into account the capacity and power characteristics; the lead carbon battery uses carbon instead of lead in the negative electrode, and has a new breakthrough in the negative electrode material. Extended cycle life, fast charging, light weight, no sulfation.

2. Industry-specific business model

(1) Procurement mode

Lead-acid battery companies generally purchase on-demand in conjunction with orders. Since lead accounts for a large amount of capital in the procurement of raw materials, industrial enterprises generally establish close cooperation with large-scale lead smelting enterprises, and also purchase through bulk commodity agents.

(2) Production mode

Industry companies generally adopt a production mode that is fixed by sales, and some common specifications products set a certain safety stock.

(3) Sales model

The plate products are mainly sold to domestic lead-acid battery manufacturers. Lead-acid battery industry products are generally sold to domestic and foreign countries. Domestic sales are mainly sold directly to communication operators, UPS manufacturers, emergency electrical appliance manufacturers, etc., in the automotive start-up maintenance market, and the electric bicycle maintenance market generally adopts a distribution model. Foreign sales are mainly sold to foreign traders, or directly to communications operators, UPS manufacturers, etc. by setting up local offices.

3. Periodic, regional and seasonal characteristics of the industry

The periodic characteristics of the lead-acid battery industry are not obvious. On the one hand, lead-acid batteries are widely use