Introduction to the Development and Application of Lithium Battery

"Lithium battery" is a kind of battery with lithium metal or lithium alloy as negative electrode material and non-aqueous electrolyte solution. In 1912, lithium metal battery was first proposed and studied by gilbertn.lewis. In the 1970s, M.S.W. hitTIngham proposed and began to study lithium-ion batteries. Due to the very lively chemical properties of lithium metal, the processing, preservation and use of lithium metal have very high requirements for the environment. So lithium batteries have not been used for a long time. With the development of science and technology, lithium battery has become the mainstream. Lithium batteries can be roughly divided into two categories: lithium metal batteries and lithium ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries do not contain metallic lithium and are rechargeable. The fifth generation of rechargeable lithium metal battery was born in 1996. Its safety, specific capacity, self-discharge rate and performance/price ratio are all better than lithium ion battery.

Development process of lithium battery:

In 1970, M.S. whittingham of exxon used titanium sulfide as the positive electrode material and lithium metal as the negative electrode material to make the first lithium battery. Lithium batteries have manganese dioxide or thionyl chloride as the positive electrode and lithium as the negative electrode. After the battery is assembled, the battery has a voltage and does not need to be charged. Li-ion batteries were also developed before. For example, the button batteries used in cameras used to be lithium batteries. This kind of battery can also be charged, but the cycle performance is not good, in the process of charging and discharging cycle is easy to form lithium crystal, causing a short circuit inside the battery, so generally this kind of battery is prohibited to charge. In 1980, j.godenough discovered that lithium cobalt oxide could be used as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.

In 1982, university of Illinois institute of technology (theIllinoisInsTItuteofTechnology) R.R.A garwal and J.R.S elman found embedded lithium ion has the properties of the graphite, the process is quick, and reversible. At the same time, lithium batteries made of lithium metal have attracted much attention because of their potential safety hazards. Therefore, people try to make rechargeable batteries with the characteristics of lithium ions embedded in graphite. The first available lithium ion graphite electrode was trial-manufactured by bell laboratories.

In 1983, m.hackeray and j.groodenough et al. found that manganese spinel was an excellent anode material with low price, stability and excellent performance of conducting electricity and lithium. Its decomposition temperature is high, and the oxidation is far lower than the lithium cobalt oxide, even if there is a short circuit, overcharge, also can avoid the risk of combustion, explosion.

In 1989, a.j. thiram and j. g. odenough found that the adoption of a positive electrode for polymerized anions would produce a higher voltage.

In 1992, SONY corporation of Japan invented a lithium battery with carbon material as the negative electrode and lithium compounds as the positive electrode. In the process of charging and discharging, there is no lithium metal, only lithium ion. This is the lithium ion battery. Then lithium-ion batteries revolutionized consumer electronics. Such batteries, which use lithium cobalt oxide as a positive electrode material, are still the main power source for portable electronic devices.

In 1996, Padhi and Goodenough found that peridotite-structured phosphates, such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), are more secure than traditional anode materials, and are especially resistant to high temperature and overcharge. Therefore has become the current mainstream of large current discharge of power lithium battery anode material.

Looking at the history of battery development, we can see three characteristics of the current development of the world's battery industry. Second, a battery to battery conversion, which is in line with the sustainable development strategy; Third, the battery further to the small, light, thin direction of development. In the commercial rechargeable battery, the specific energy of lithium ion battery is the highest, especially the polymer lithium ion battery, which can realize the thinning of rechargeable battery. Because of the high volume to energy and mass to energy ratio of lithium ion batteries, rechargeable and pollution-free, with the three characteristics of the current development of the battery industry, there is a rapid growth in developed countries. The development of the telecommunications and information markets, especially the extensive use of mobile phones and laptops, has brought market opportunities for lithium-ion batteries. Polymer lithium ion battery in lithium ion battery with its unique advantages in safety, will gradually replace the liquid electrolyte lithium ion battery, and become the mainstream of lithium ion battery. Polymer lithium ion battery is known as the "21st century battery", will open up a new era of battery, the development prospect is very optimistic.

In March 2015, sharp teamed up with professor tanaka at Kyoto university to develop a lithium ion battery that can last up to 70 years. The battery has a volume of 8 cubic centimeters and can be charged and discharged 25,000 times. And sharp said that the longevity of the lithium ion battery actually charge and discharge 10,000 times, its performance is still stable.

Development prospect of lithium battery:

Various materials have been studied in order to develop better varieties. Thus the uae lithium battery bus (made in the Netherlands) to create an unprecedented product. For example, lithium sulfur dioxide batteries and lithium thionyl chloride batteries are very characteristic. Their positive active material is also the solvent of the electrolyte. This structure is only found in non-aqueous electrochemical systems. Therefore, the study of lithium battery also promotes the development of electrochemical theory of non-aqueous system. In addition to the use of various non-aqueous solvents, polymer thin film batteries have also been studied.

Lithium batteries are widely used in energy storage power systems such as hydraulic power, thermal power, wind power and solar power stations, uninterrupted power supply for posts and telecommunications, electric tools, electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric cars, military equipment,special and other fields.

Lithium ion battery has been widely used in portable electric appliances such as laptop computer, camera and mobile communication due to its special performance advantage. The developed large-capacity lithium-ion battery has been tested in electric vehicles and is expected to become one of the main power sources for electric vehicles in the 21st century. It will also be used inspecials,special and energy storage. With the energy shortage and the world's environmental pressure. Lithium battery is widely used in the electric vehicle industry, especially the emergence of lithium iron phosphate material battery, which promotes the development and application of lithium battery industry.

The plan is expected to change the world lithium battery pattern

On April 18, the state council discuss passed "energy saving and new energy vehicles industry development planning (2012 ~ 2020)" (hereinafter referred to as "planning"), has been clear about the pure electric drive for auto industry transformation of the main strategic orientation, popularization of plug-in hybrid vehicles, and put forward the pure electric and hybrid cars in 2015, the cumulative volume has reached 500000, the goal of more than 5 million vehicles by 2020.

The introduction of the "planning", caused great concern in the street. Many experts believe that this move will promote the automotive industry into a new round of development period, in addition, but also for the core components of energy-saving and new energy vehicle power battery industry outline a huge market outline.

According to statistics in the production and marketing demand and investment forecast analysis report of China's lithium battery industry from 2013 to 2017, the market size of finished lithium battery packs in China's new energy vehicles, power grid energy storage, special vehicles, communication base stations and other fields was 3.5 billion yuan in 2012, up 34.6% from 2.6 billion yuan in 2011. Among them, the application of new energy vehicles accounts for 57%.

Since the launch of smart phones by apple inc. in 2007, followed by the launch of tablet computers, the world has entered the era of intelligence. The strong demand for smart phones and tablet computers has rapidly promoted the sales of digital lithium batteries, among which the sales of mobile phone lithium batteries are the largest.

In 2012, the product structure of the digital lithium battery industry was adjusted rapidly. On the one hand, the sales volume of soft-pack lithium battery and cylindrical lithium battery increased rapidly and maintained a growth rate of more than 30%; on the other hand, the market size of square lithium battery with aluminum shell rapidly shrank. The entire digital lithium battery industry is undergoing profound changes. For investors, whether they can grasp the change of market trend in the process of change determines the future fate of the company.

Application of lithium battery:

With the development of microelectronic technology in the 20th century, more and more miniaturized devices are being used, which requires high power supply. The lithium battery then entered the large-scale practical stage.

One of the first applications was the lithium subgalvanic battery, used in pacemakers. Because the self-discharge rate of lithium subbattery is very low, the discharge voltage is very gentle. It makes it possible to implant pacemakers into the body for long-term use.

Lithium manganese batteries generally have a nominal voltage higher than 3.0 volts, more suitable for integrated circuit power supply, widely used in computers, calculators, watches.

Lithium ion batteries are widely used in mobile phones, notebook computers, power tools, electric vehicles, street lights, backup power, navigation lights, household appliances, it can be said that the largest application group.

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