Lithium battery fire accident management notes

1. Vehicle parking

When vehicle arrived at the scene, it shall choose proper parking location according to the site situation.

(a)It is strictly prohibited in the soft subgrade of weak or dock area.

(2) Keep a safe distance from buildings, car toward the direction of evacuation.

(3) High lift fire engines must be parked in the air without obstacles, ground flat solid areas.

Article 2 the term "personal protection

(a) In the fire fighting and rescue, firefighters must be prepared to personal safety protection. Wearing cotton underwear of anti-static, fire protective clothing, wearing a fire helmet, gloves, boots, caps, basic protective equipment, air breathing apparatus, etc.

(2) to high temperature, strong thermal radiation or explosion danger area, must wear a fire insulation, fire protection from fire or explosion under.

(3) the operations of the region into a charged, electric insulation and insulation boots must be worn, insulated gloves and other protective equipment, carrying leakage detectors, insulation pads, ground wire (bar), and other equipment.

Article 3 the fire surveillance

Recon group shall not be less than 3 people, and led by a commander, is strictly prohibited to act alone, complicated field must have a unit insider guide.

(a) Before entering the building internal firespecial, should be to evaluate strength of building structure, determine the collapse risk can enter.

(2) when you enter a building firespecial, the security officer to check the personal protective equipment, in the import and export registration name, in and out of the time, and air (oxygen) pressure air breathing apparatus, etc., carrying thermometer, combustible gas detectors and other equipment, and make full use of terrain, terrain, bunker near the bearing structure, to prevent falling objects.

(3) to deal with the accident area of temperature and concentration of combustible gas detection of uninterrupted, sign the following the explosion, must immediately organize retreat:

1 no open flame, accident buildings and there is a smoke issued from the door, window,

2, the accident area lithium battery temperature rise sharply, there is a lot of smoke;

3, Combustible gas detection alarm.

Article 4 the position setting

Shall, in accordance with the nozzle position for observation, easy to attack, easy to transfer or withdraw the principle of setting.

(a) Use conditions such as terrain, terrain and bearing component set nozzle position.

(2) Using the ladder in the window, balcony setting position, must be higher than that of the window, balcony upper ladder rungs of 2 or more, and try to adopt measures to fixed.

(3) Give full play to the role of the good security officer and guard posts, set positions within the building fire, connectivity, meet an emergency signal to evacuate in time.

(4) moved or adjust thespecial power, must consider the wholespecial deployment of harmonious and unified, prevent because of local power adjustment affect the overall operation, every time moved or adjust thespecial forces must immediately check inventory, and do a good job protection.

Article 5 the fire attack

(a) Before the fire attack, building the power shall be cut off is on fire, and prepared to prevent electric shock.

(2) In front of the lithium battery liquid injection process of fire, can be in accordance with the class A fire fighting and rescue method, using dry powder, such as carbon dioxide, foam, water fire extinguishing agent.

(3) In the lithium battery liquid injection process of fire, can be in accordance with the class B fire-fighting and rescue method, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, such as foam extinguishing agent.

(4) in the lithium battery into process and storage, use of fire, can according to class C fire-fighting and rescue method, using a large amount of water for cooling, fight explosion.

Within (5) against fire, should choose the right attack route and means, under the cover of nozzle, trust in main wall into the fire.

(6) set up the nozzle position, should maintain 10 meters above the water jet distance, with the ignition and lean main wall, solid component as the cover body, it is strictly prohibited in the brick wall, shelves and other non-load-bearing walls surrounding and floor of condole top, equipped with heavy set below the nozzle position, prevent collapse, falling and other accidental damage.

(7)Lithium ion batteries with continuous discharge characteristic, after the flame extinguished, should continue to use of water cannons to continuously cooled more than 1 hours of fire, and use the thermometer real-time monitoring.

Article 6 the forcible entry and transfer materials

(a) the fire fighting and rescue work, in the case of security can implement local forcible entry, the implementation of the ventilation, to prevent toxic smoke or explosive gas accumulation, forcible entry area for door, window, ceiling pressure explosion-proof facilities such as position.

(2) the forcible entry should be implemented under the cover of nozzle, forcible entry doors, Windows, must stand in the door and window profile, using a cutting tool forcible entry, should wear masks, gloves, smooth operation, the cutting tool may not stand ahead.

(3) the evacuation supplies must can be carried out at the bottom of the technical personnel's guidance and cooperation. Using the thermometer or thermal imager for real-time monitoring of lithium battery storage area, found abnormal heat or smoke, a small scale shall be immediately extinguishing and remove the fault battery, transferred to safe areas.

Article 7 the cleaning

Clean up the scene of the accident, must overcome the paralysis of thought, to prevent accidental injury.

(a) Above must observe the building construction and falling objects.

(2) Check the stairwells and corridors of charged, exterior burning wire, prevent to get an electric shock accidents.

(3) Check the leakage situation of gas, liquefied gas bottle, prevent the deflagration accident.

(4) Check the other dangerous chemicals, the equipment situation, prevent the resurgence, poisoning, corrosion damage accident.

(5) Tanks before fully cooling high temperature vessels, handling, mobile is not allowed.

(6) Check the safety condition of lithium battery and storage environment, prevent recurrence or explosion.

(7) From the scene, the personnel and the equipment was counted.

Lithium ion battery fire hazard and the related research progress

1. Summary of lithium-ion battery technology

Lithium ion batteries (Lithium - ion Battery) rely on Lithium movement between the positive and negative ions to complete charge and discharge, is a kind of high performance rechargeable batteries. Lithium ion battery is distinguished from "lithium battery"

(Lithium Battery), the latter of the anode materials is manganese dioxide or thionyl chloride, and the cathode is lithium battery assembly without charge after the completion of the reservoir has electricity, in the process of charging and discharging cycle to cause internal short circuit batteries, lithium crystallization and usually is prohibited from charging, therefore, should not be lithium ion battery "lithium battery" for short.

Lithium will initially conceived for discharge from the 19th century American inventor Thomas Edison, he suggests, Li + MnO2 = LiMnO2 is discharge of REDOX reaction. But as a result of lithium chemical nature very lively, very tall to the requirement of processing, storage, use, so didn't get the application for a long time. In the 1980 s, bell laboratories successfully trial-produced the first available lithium-ion graphite electrode rechargeable batteries. In 1991, SONY released the first commercial lithium-ion batteries. Since lithium-ion battery technology rapid development, because of the high energy density (mass and volume than nickel cadmium or nickel metal hydride batteries of the same capacity to reduce more than 50%, the energy density of 540 ~ 720 kj/Kg), high open circuit voltage (monomer voltage from 3.3 V to 4.2 V, the equivalent of three series of nickel cadmium or nickel metal hydride batteries), big output power (300 ~ 1500 / Kg), no pollution (do not contain harmful heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury), high cycle life, no memory effect, charging fast, wide working temperature range (20 ~ 60 ℃) etc, are widely used in consumer electronics, military industry,special products and other fields. With the rapid development of electric vehicle technology, lithium ion battery has become an important of electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicle power source. It is predicted that the current lithium ion battery market scale expand 20% a year, lithium-ion batteries, a $8 billion global market in 2011, will reach $18 billion in 2020.

2. Summary of lithium ion battery fire

With the wide application of lithium ion battery, its fire hazard appeared gradually, many influential fire accidents at home and abroad, and sparked a massive recall of related products.

2.1 lithium ion battery fire and transportation field

In 2006, the United States, a Courier company a DC - 8 cargo plane from laptops use lithium ion battery is on fire, made an emergency landing at the airport, cargo fire burns for 4 h, most goods is exhausted, three crew members were injured.

In 2010, the company a Boeing 747 cargo plane crashed in Dubai, loads of lithium ion battery fire reason also. To this end, the federalspecial administration (FAA) have repeatedly warned potential safety hazard in the process of lithium ion batteries by air, the international civilspecial also puts forward strict limits on transport of lithium ion battery.

2.2 fire lithium ion battery recycling field

On November 7, 2009 in Canada Terrell (Trail), lithium ion battery recycling warehouse fire, is by far the greatest influence the fire accident. Fire in the warehouse is located in the Columbia river in southern British Columbia, a building area of 6500 m2, belonging to the headquarters is located in Anaheim, California, coach company (TOXCOInc.).In August 2009, the company special subsidies, receive 9.5 million dollars from us department of energy (doe) is used to research and development of lithium ion battery recycling technology.

Fires when there are a lot of memory storage recycling lithium battery and lithium ion battery to be processed, including both small mobile phone and laptop batteries, also include the high power battery electric vehicle use. Immediately after the fire, into violent combustion phase, the local government launched a regional emergency linkage mechanism. Because of the fire, and worry about lithium reaction generated under the influence of water lithium hydroxide and hydrogen make the combustion more violent, firefighters without a large amount of water jet, just in the peripheral control, to prevent the spread of fire. Burning completely extinguished the fire until the next afternoon, opposition

Cause some damage to environment. The cause has not decided, it is estimated that is stored in the warehouse overheated lithium battery short circuit, caused by high temperature combustion.

2.3 automotive lithium-ion battery fire danger caused high attention

As an important part to promote the development of new energy, for electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicle technology, attaches great importance to the United States in 2015 electric car ownership is expected to reach 1 million units, the China production and sales of electric cars will reach 500000 units. Lithium-ion battery electric vehicles are the most widespread form of energy. At home and abroad in recent years, there have been several associated with lithium ion battery electric vehicle fires.

On January 7, 2010, Urumqi city bus company garage a certain brand "electric double" super capacitance and lithium ion battery hybrid electric bus for iron phosphate lithium-ion battery fire fault overheating

(the car because of the coldness of the weather in December 23, 2009 incoming outage, park), 15 days after the fire.

On April 11, 2011, Hangzhou a electric fires in the process of driving a taxi, on July 18, 2011, Shanghai a spontaneous, pure electric bus is iron phosphate lithium-ion battery overheat faults.

Since May 2011, a U.S. car company in the production of electric car lithium-ion battery fire hazard, has drawn great attention of the international auto industry and fire community.

The company production of the world's first application of iron phosphate lithium-ion battery plug-in petrol-electric hybrids, by the national highway traffic safety administration (NHTSA) four front and side crash tests, get 5 star safety rating, but three weeks later on June 6, a crash test prototype within the warehouse fire, the fire in the battery compartment. Battery compartment in the process of dismantling inspection found that the collision was below the driver's seat through the lateral stiffness of components, lithium ion battery cooling fluid circulation system damage, leakage cause short circuit, causing a fire.

In September 2011, NHTSA has carried on the 5th to the car crash test no abnormalities are found, then specifically for the vehicle's lithium-ion battery pack for 6 times test, two groups of cells within a week after the crash test fire successively, the third battery arc discharge and generate fire occurs, the fourth group battery contact overheating phenomenon, with five cells appear slow discharge (confirmed after has nothing to do with the collision), 6 battery fire.

In November 2011, NHTSA jointly launched the U.S. department of energy (doe) the defects investigation into the car, in three trials have 2 demo car burst into flames. This result prompted the NHTSA launched in 2011, the special investigation of the car lithium-ion battery car company promptly adjust transverse stiffener to the scheme to protect the battery compartment and the cooling cooling liquid level sensor, around a battery pack for the sales of more than 8000 car recall.

In December 2011, the improved prototype based on collision test is not an exception occurs.

In January 2012, the U.S. house of representatives oversight committee subcommittee on economic reform commission jointly with the United States government to hold a hearing.

Announced in March 2012, the car company since that month 19, the car production 5 weeks, until April 23 to resume production. Not yet received the fire in the process of electric vehicles in the actual use report.

3. The current research of lithium ion battery fire danger of the situation

The nations have not, so far, formulate storage of lithium ion battery safety standards and fire rescue operation procedures. To fill this gap, many countries and organizations are carrying out a research into related basic theory and application of the technology.

The American association of fire protection agency (NFPA) early focus on lithium ion battery fire safety problem, and with support from the U.S. department of energy, and the American society of automotive engineers (SAE), and other agencies and companies such as general motors joint has carried out a number of research and training projects. On October 21 and 22, 2010, SAE and NFPA jointly hosted the summit, the first electric car safety standards to determine the safety standards of electric cars and hybrid vehicles three important areas: vehicles, production environment and emergency rescue, among them, the battery safety was placed on the top

The problem. September 27 and 28, 2011, in the second session of the electric car safety standard summit, one of the focus is the car battery as well as the safety of the commercial transportation and storage battery, and subdivide the six key research direction:

Battery fire danger and safety performance;

Large-scale commercial storage battery to the fixed, mobile fire extinguishing system requirements;

In international transportation field about the battery shipping restrictions and assessment;

Battery destroyed after the resurgence of danger;

Battery for fire extinguishing agent;

Normal and accident situation of discharge standards.

In 2011, NFPA fire research foundation (FPRF) belongs to property insurance group (PIRG) launched the lithium ion battery storage risk and extinguishing method research. In the first phase of the study, through literature retrieval of the danger of the lithium ion battery and use of assessment is pointed out that the fire danger of lithium ion battery mainly from its structure, especially the high energy density and improper charging high temperature caused by electrolyte vaporization; At the same time, the battery design flaws and raw material defects caused by short circuit, over charge and stain, could cause a fire. Report says a thermal runaway rapid release of energy is the main cause of electrolyte burning, in the event of thermal runaway, the battery temperature rise rapidly, the result or be led directly to the battery material burning explosion, or the battery shell burst after intense oxidation reaction and exploded in the air and lithium.

Due to have carried out experiments and size is limited, don't know a great deal yet for the mechanism of thermal runaway, especially for the lithium ion battery mass characteristics of combustion and extinguishing methods still need further study. In August 2011, held a workshop PIRG, determine the next step research direction is a full-size fire simulation experiments. As the main content of the whole project research in the second stage, the focus of the study in 2012 are two kinds of lithium ion battery in large-scale storage under the condition of fire danger research: one kind is small size product, another kind is the large size can be used in electric vehicles and other products. Property insurance team will work with the American association of fire and share about the lithium ion batteries to store the research achievements of fire danger hierarchies, and in accordance with NFPA13 the automatic sprinkler system installation specification to carry out the relevant test, in order to help NFPA13 professional technical committee to determine the lithium ion battery storage space in the design of automatic fire extinguishing system parameters.

In July 2011, NFPA start the electric safety training programs, for emergency rescue personnel to carry out the training of safe disposal of the electric car accident, that the project is the U.S. department of energy (doe) on the basis of the American recovery and reinvestment act for a $4.4 million grant funding. NFPA is working with NHTSA pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicle emergency disposal program, the world's major car factory participated in the related work. At present, the project has been carried out in 20 states in teacher training, education training about 800 faculty members, more than 15000 people registered to participate in the electric safety online training. NFPA is seeking emergency medical rescue and law enforcement personnel to participate in the training.

As specializing in supplies and industrial products safety performance research institutions, French industry environment and risk research institute (INERIS) was established in 2010, the electric vehicle (STEEVE) electrochemical energy storage research institutions, aims to further understand the performance of lithium ion battery, especially to grasp the mechanism of the fire. The researchers think that a full destructive test for fire risk really understand the lithium ion battery, and determine the corresponding safety measures is very necessary. STEEVE plan on June 27, 2012, held in Paris the high-risk storage protection seminar to submit its latest research report, aimed at high fire danger of dangerous goods within the storage facilities were analyzed, and the new fire safety protection measures were put forward.

In recent years, our country has carried out "lithium ion battery thermal hazard mechanism of mutation and explosion dynamics research", in order to reveal the lithium ion battery materials and their mutual kinetic and thermodynamic properties, the use of chemical kinetics, thermal analysis kinetics, thermal spontaneous combustion theory, mutation theory, explore the typical heat production law of lithium ion battery, the internal mutation pattern analysis of lithium ion battery explosion, for the development of lithium ion battery to provide the necessary scientific basis and technical support, to prevent the lithium ion battery fires have important theoretical and practical significance.

In recent years, Chinese scholars in thermal hazard, lithium ion battery materials lithium ion battery thermal runaway mechanism and prevention of lithium ion battery thermal runaway electrolyte flame retardant technology, etc, to carry out the related research. Devices such as researchers using C80 micro calorimeter, detailed study of lithium ion battery electrolyte is commonly used, the thermal stability of the anode materials are under different charging status of thermal stability, and thermal stability of the electrolyte between the positive and negative. Results show that the strong lewis acid in the electrolyte PF5 role, is the dominating factor for decreasing the thermal stability of electrolyte, LixCOo2 and its thermal stability and electrolyte coexistence system are supplied with electricity degree of increase and decrease, and the intercalated-li degree of thermal stability of electrolyte and LixC6 coexistence system. On this basis, reveals the lithium ion battery materials and their kinetic and thermodynamic properties of each other.

Researchers from the Angle of fire dynamics research, the integrated use of thermal explosion theory, chemical reaction kinetics and thermodynamics theory, combining the thermoelectric coupling between under the action of lithium ion battery materials and their chemical reaction thermodynamics and kinetics characteristics of experimental study, lithium ion batteries are analyzed, the possibility of fire and explosion, proposes the lithium ion battery fire triangle theory and battery explosion theory of Semenov. On the basis of using catastrophe theory, the explosion process of lithium ion battery, mutation analysis successfully with lithium ion battery explosion dovetail mutations. The study will fire science theory, the electrochemical theory and catastrophe theory, coupled to fully disclose the nature of the thermal runaway in lithium ion battery explosion are studied.

Studies have shown that leads to thermal runaway heat, which mainly comes from the internal chemical reaction heat, based on this, the laboratory system to study the three isopropyl benzene ester phosphate (IPPP) and toluene diphenyl phosphate ester (CDP), etc.) as lithium ion battery flame retardant additives for battery electrolyte, the positive, negative and whole cell performance and the influence law of thermal stability, and put forward the fire retardant agents inhibit the inner mechanism of the thermal runaway. Studies have shown that adding IPPP and CDP can not only effectively improve the safety of the lithium ion battery, and less effect on the electrochemical performance of battery, so as to improve the safety of the lithium ion battery provides a kind of way. The research for the development of lithium ion battery provides the necessary scientific basis and technical support, to prevent the lithium ion battery fire explosion has important theoretical and realistic significance.

4. Summary

With the expansion of lithium ion battery application, especially in the field of electric vehicle applications of large capacity lithium ion battery, lithium ion battery fire accident will significantly increase, to be carried out regarding the fire danger of basic research, to develop safety use, transport, recycling lithium-ion batteries, standards and procedures, and fire extinguishing technology research to carry out the efficient and practical.

Author: SiGe, the ministry of public security fire department fire control work guide senior engineer, mainly engaged in building fire protection and fire supervision and management of the research.

In the issue of the original: fire science and technology, VOL31, No. 9.

Add 1: lithium-ion battery relevant standards:

GB31241-2014 portable electronic product lithium ion batteries and battery safety requirements"

CQC1110-2015 "technical specification for portable mobile power products certification CQC voluntary product certification standard (*)

GB/T18287-2013 "mobile phone use lithium ion battery and battery total specification"

GB/T18288-2000 "code for cellular phone always with nickel metal hydride batteries

UN38.3 the proposal for the transportation of dangerous goods - test and standard manual "the second revision 38.3 chapter fifth edition

GB/T28164-2011 (IEC62133:2002, IDT), IEC62133:2012 "containing alkaline or other non acidic electrolyte battery and battery portable sealed battery and battery safety requirements"

(IEC60086 GB8897.4-2008-07 4:20 idt) the galvanic cell part 4: the lithium battery safety requirements"

GB/T22084.1-2008 (IEC61951-1:20 03, IDT) "containing alkaline or other non acidic electrolyte battery and battery portable sealed monomer battery part 1: cadmium nickel battery"

GB/T22084.2-2008 (IEC61951 - "03, IDT)" containing alkaline or other non acidic electrolyte battery and battery portable sealed monomer battery part 2: nickel metal hydride battery"

GB21966-2008 (IEC62281:2008, IDT) in transport of the lithium battery and battery safety requirements"

UL2575:2012 "driver and battery power tools/heating/lighting appliance system with lithium ion batteries,

UL1642:2012 "lithium battery"

UL2054:2011 "use commercial battery"

IEC61960:2011 "containing alkaline or other non-acidic electrolyte battery and lithium battery group of portable battery and battery"

GB19521.11-2005《Lithium battery pack dangerous goods dangerous characteristic inspection safety specification"

(IEC61959:2004, GB/T28163-2011 IDT) "containing alkaline or other non-acidic electrolyte battery and battery portable sealed battery and battery pack mechanical test"

GB28645.2-2012 "dangerous goods safety standards inspection seal battery"

Research on lithium ion battery effective fire extinguishing agent

(Chinese translation by using Google translation, no check, wrong, please understand.)

Involved in the lithium ion battery fire is burning electrolyte, this is the result of a hydrocarbon/airflame. As a result, many fire extinguishing agent can effectively restrain the flame combustion. However, due to the large battery related battery pack, especially in high voltage electrical properties of the packaging, conductive agent inhibition may not be a good choice. In addition, because, because of the possibility of a cascade battery thermal runaway reaction, the ideal agent will remain suspended, and prevent the battery hot surface of combustible mixture of heavy weight. Efficiency of extinguishing agent has been include: flame inert gas/asphyxia (fireproof performance test data show that suffocation is effective in preventing ablaze, but not calm cells, prevent the spread of thermal runaway), carbon dioxide (index usually use carbon dioxide fire extinguisher test - with flame combustion on inhibition of cell in the process of cooling battery pack, this will not prevent the spread of thermal runaway), water and the dragon.

About the fire extinguishing agent, there is little public data to lithium ion batteries. In battery production facilities of fire extinguishing system design is generally considered to be proprietary information and is not publicly available. Available published test data related to the application of lithium ion batteries are very specific, mainly inhibit air transport: fire may occur in the cabin, which is very fire cell number is limited, may be involved in and the halon fire extinguisher and water available inhibitors, and fire may be established in cargo plane, the halon is available inhibitors. It is necessary to full scale fire tests specific storage configuration, number, arrangement and the fire extinguishing system design standards and the overall evaluation effect.

Naval sea systems command issued a change in the advanced notification of lithium battery fire procedures. In the file, the navy advice (based on limited testing) use the "narrow Angle of atomized water or aqueous film-forming foam" to cool down the battery, restrain "fireball", and to reduce the possibility of thermal runaway transmission. The faa studied the inhibition of lithium ion battery with water and halon 1211 because these are usually mobile fire extinguisher on commercial aircraft. As the first choice, the faa is recommended to use water suppression fires involving laptops, because water will both fire and inhibiting the thermal runaway. As the second choice, FAA recommends using 1211 aborted flame, secondly from available water sources (e.g., water).1211 itself will not prevent because of the battery pack, the spread of the battery thermal runaway reaction. In the test of the FAA, the application of ice is not fully cooled battery, prevent the spread of thermal runaway.

In 2010, the federalspecial administration report test lithium iron phosphate and 8 - soft pack Ah cobalt oxide polymer battery.1211 successfully from extinguish the flames of battery pack. In addition, phosphoric acid iron battery did not continue to vent or again. But 1211 is able to inhibit the soft bag of polymer unit again (cobalt oxide chemical).

Toxicity of halon 1301 is the smallest halon fire extinguishing agent, fire extinguishing performance is considered to be superior. Quickly down the flame burning, especially, it is through the steam can flow around baffle and obstacles, leaving no residue, no corrosive and require small storage volume, it is not conductive, and water is a colorless, thereby preventing generation through block fire alarm sound. Halon replacement oxygen in behavior, and its effect by using the combustion chemical interference, especially through the termination of the branched chain reaction in a typical hydrocarbon gas/air flame. Fact halon is effectively restrain the flame of lithium ion battery is another indication the flame is basically similar to the typical hydrocarbon/air flame. Halon 1301 (bromine trifluoromethane) is methane derivatives. The bromine atom said awarded a powerful agent properties, and fluorine gives the molecular stability and reduce its toxicity. Bromine atom interference with the free radical and branched chain reaction is burning.

Halon 1301 is usually considered a electrical fires (class C fires), flammable liquid and gas fires (class B) fire, burning combustible solid and surface, such as thermoplastic fire is very effective. Halon 1301 for active metal, however, the rapid antioxidant, and the effectiveness of deep class A fires at least. Effect of halon 1301 is the worst deep class A fire because it create flame through work and the interference of chemical reaction; So while the halon 1301 can put out a fire burning type of part, deep part of the big red fire can continue to cut interest rates smolder and spreading.

Halogenated addition of potent according to check the fuel/air/flammability limit of halogenated compounds, can be seen and compare them with the combustible fuel/air/inert diluent mixture. When a small batch of halon added to the fuel/air mixture, their narrow scope, in which the mixture is flammable. Halon is far more effective to reduce the flammable range than the inert diluent. If add enough halon, the mixture of the flammable range, even at high temperatures, is eliminated, and the mixture cannot be lit. It is important to note in the production of halon forbidden by the Montreal protocol, because the material helps to the destruction of the ozone layer. Currently in use of halon is the only renewable resource, is mainly used for the protection of the plane.

Table 12 shows through in extinguish fire the average percentage of the volume of air agent. It also shows the suppression flame burning need to the concentration of total flooding system design. Concentration of flame is included in the design needs an additional safety factor concentration. Most of these design Suggestions about 5% of fuel.

In 2004, the index of the halon 1301 insuppressing lithium ion battery and battery pack fire the effectiveness of the FAA type test. A series of halon 1301 inhibition test is to use naked 18650 battery and laptop battery pack. Bare battery without electricity connection, but were pasted together. Under the fire was lit cells propanol translation completed. Halon 1301 late in each test application, once the cells have begun to use burning aircraft to vent. In the application of seconds, all the flame was extinguished and the duration of the test were observed continuously without additional ablaze. When the halon 1301 is applied to the indoor temperature and heat flux measurement values fell sharply.

That is completely consistent with inhibition of flame. Chamber temperature and heat flux for the duration of the tests are still very low. It's important to note that halon 1301 applications without cooling cells (figure 42).Single cells and cell exhaust after thermal runaway continue applied to halon 1301.From the index of halon 1301 examination test all cells,

They have eduction. Halon 1301, however, at present, this method did not cause. Conclusion halon 1301 is very effective in lithium ion combustion control cells.

In 2006, the federalspecial administration is on 5018650 lithium ion battery for inhibition of halon 1301 similar testing, 100% SOC. The faa observed similar behavior to test by the results of index report.

The page contains the contents of the machine translation.