What are the main active substances of ordinary battery positive plates?

The active material on the positive electrode of the lead-acid battery is lead dioxide, the active material on the plate is spongy pure lead, the electrolyte is a certain concentration of sulfuric acid solution, and the electromotive force between the plates is about 2V.

The active material on the positive electrode plate of the nickel-cadmium battery is nickel oxide powder, and the active material on the negative electrode plate is cadmium oxide powder. The active materials are respectively wrapped in the perforated steel strip, and become the positive and negative plates of the battery after press molding. The electrolyte is usually a potassium hydroxide solution. The open circuit voltage of the battery is 1.2V.

The rechargeable battery is a rechargeable battery with a limited number of times of charging, and is used with a charger. There are generally No. 5, No. 7, No. 1 on the market. The advantages of rechargeable batteries are economical, environmentally friendly, and sufficient power, suitable for high-power, long-term use of electrical appliances (such as Walkman, electric toys, etc.). The voltage of the rechargeable battery is lower than that of the same type of disposable battery. The AA battery (charge No. 5) is 1.2 volts, and the 9V rechargeable battery is actually 8.4 volts. Now the average number of times of charging can be around 1000 times.

Rechargeable batteries are different in terms of materials and processes. Commonly used are lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-iron batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. The advantage is that the cycle life is long, they can be fully charged and discharged more than 200 times, and some rechargeable batteries have higher load capacity than most disposable batteries. In the use of ordinary nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydrogen batteries, the unique memory effect causes inconvenience in use and often causes premature failure.

Ordinary batteries are disposable, and rechargeable batteries can be charged with a charger and used repeatedly.

Definition: The electrode is mainly made of lead and its oxide, and the electrolyte is a battery of sulfuric acid solution. English: Lead-acidbattery. In the discharge state, the main component of the positive electrode is lead dioxide, and the main component of the negative electrode is lead; in the state of charge, the main components of the positive and negative electrodes are lead sulfate divided into exhaust battery and maintenance-free lead-acid battery.

The battery is mainly composed of a tubular positive plate, a negative plate, an electrolyte, a separator, a battery tank, a battery cover, a pole, a liquid injection cover and the like. The electrode of the vented battery is composed of an oxide of lead and lead, and the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. The main advantage is that the voltage is stable and the price is cheap; the disadvantage is that the specific energy is low (that is, the energy stored per kilogram of the battery), the service life is short, and the daily maintenance is frequent. Old-fashioned ordinary batteries generally have a life span of about 2 years, and it is necessary to regularly check the height of the electrolyte and add distilled water. However, with the development of technology, the life of lead-acid batteries has become longer and the maintenance is simpler.

The most obvious feature of a lead-acid battery is that it has a screw-open plastic sealing cap on top and a venting hole. These filling caps are used to fill pure water, check electrolytes and vent gases, in theory, lead-acid batteries need to check the density and level of the electrolyte whenever maintenance. If there is a shortage, add distilled water. However, with the upgrade of battery manufacturing technology, lead-acid batteries have developed into lead-acid maintenance-free batteries and gel-free maintenance-free batteries. Lead-acid batteries do not require the addition of electrolyte or distilled water. The main purpose is to use the positive electrode to generate oxygen to absorb the oxygen in the negative electrode to prevent the water from decreasing. Lead-acid water batteries are mostly used in tractors, tricycles, and automobile starters, while maintenance-free lead-acid batteries have a wider range of applications, including uninterruptible power supplies, electric vehicle power, and electric bicycle batteries. Lead-acid batteries are classified into constant current discharges (such as uninterruptible power supplies) and instantaneous discharges (such as car start batteries) depending on the application.

When the discharge is carried out, the concentration of the sulfuric acid solution will continue to decrease, and when the density of the solution drops to 1.18 g/ml, it should be stopped for charging.

Charging: 2PbSO?+2H?O=PbO?+Pb+2H?SO?(electrolytic cell)

Lead storage battery

Lead storage battery (4 photos)

Discharge: PbO?+Pb+2H?SO?=2PbSO?+2H?O (primary battery)

Anode: PbSO?+2H?O-2e‐===PbO?+4H++SO?2‐

Cathode: PbSO?+2e‐===Pb+SO?2‐

Negative electrode: Pb+SO?2‐-2e===PbSO?

Positive electrode: PbO?+4H++SO42‐+2e‐===PbSO?+2H?O

history

The battery was invented by the Frenchman Plante in 1859 and has a history of more than 100 years. Since the invention of lead-acid batteries, they have always had an absolute advantage in chemical power sources. This is because of its low price, easy availability of raw materials, sufficient reliability in use, high current discharge and a wide range of ambient temperatures.

G.Plante invented the lead-acid battery in 1859. It has experienced nearly 150 years of development. Lead-acid batteries have made great progress in terms of product types, varieties and electrical properties. Lead-acid batteries play an indispensable role in transportation, communications, electric power, military or in various economic fields of navigation andspecial.

By the beginning of the 20th century, lead-acid batteries have undergone many major improvements, improving energy density, cycle life, and high rate discharge. However, open lead-acid batteries have two main disadvantages: (1) At the end of charging, water will be decomposed into hydrogen, oxygen gas will be precipitated, acid and water will be added frequently, and maintenance work will be heavy; 2 gas will carry acid mist and corrode surrounding equipment, and Polluting the environment limits the application of the battery. In the past two decades, in order to solve the above two problems, countries around the world are competing to develop sealed lead-acid batteries, hoping to achieve battery sealing and obtain clean green energy.

In 1912, Thomas Edison issued a patent and proposed to use platinum wire in the upper space of the single cell. When a current passes, the platinum is heated to become a catalyst for hydrogen and oxidation, and the precipitated H2 and O2 are recombined and returned to the electrolyte. However, the patent failed to be realized: 1 platinum catalyst quickly failed; 2 gas is not precipitated according to the stoichiometric number of hydrogen 2 oxygen 1, there is still gas inside the battery; 3 there is a danger of explosion.

In the 1960s, the United States Gates Company invented lead-calcium alloy, which caused the development of sealed lead-acid batteries. The world's major battery companies invested a lot of manpower and resources to develop.

In 1969, the United States launched the moon program, sealed valve-regulated lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries were included in the lunar vehicle power supply, and finally the cadmium-nickel battery was adopted, but the sealed lead-acid battery technology has been developed.

1969-1970, the United States EC company produced about 350,000 small sealed lead-acid batteries, which use glass fiber cotton separator, lean liquid system, which is the first commercial valve-regulated lead-acid battery, but at that time, the principle of oxygen recombination was not recognized.

In 1975, GatesRutter acquired the invention patent for a D-sealed lead-acid dry battery after many years of hard work and high cost, becoming the prototype of today's VRLA battery.

In 1979, after purchasing the patent of Gates, GNB invented the MFX positive grid patented alloy and began mass promotion and production of large-capacity liquid-absorbent sealed maintenance-free lead-acid batteries.

In 1984, VRLA batteries were used in small applications in the US and Europe.

In 1987, with the rapid development of the telecommunications industry, VRLA batteries were rapidly promoted and used in the telecommunications sector.

In 1991, the British telecommunications department inspected and tested the VRLA battery being used, and found that the VRLA battery did not appear as the manufacturer advertised, the battery experienced thermal runaway, burning and early capacity failure, which caused the battery industry Widely discussed, and expressed doubts about the development prospects, capacity monitoring technology, thermal runaway and reliability of VRLA batteries. At this time, the market share of VRLA batteries is less than 50% of that of liquid-rich batteries. The name “maintaining lead-acid batteries” was officially replaced by “VRLA batteries” because VRLA batteries are a type of battery that needs to be managed, and “maintenance-free” is easy to cause misunderstanding.

In 1992, in response to the problems raised in 1991, battery experts and technicians from manufacturers issued articles to propose countermeasures and opinions. Among them, DrDaridFeder proposed to use Measured Conductance to monitor VRLA batteries. I. c. Bearinger reviews the advancement of VRLA batteries from a technical perspective. These articles have greatly promoted the development and application of VRLA batteries.

In 1992, the world's VRLA battery consumption increased significantly in Europe and the Americas. In the Asian national telecommunications sector, all VRLA batteries were advocated. In 1996, VRLA batteries basically replaced traditional rich liquid batteries, and VRLA batteries have been recognized by users. .

Development of

During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan” period, the market scale of lead-acid batteries in China expanded rapidly, and the output increased at an average rate of about 20% per year. The overall scale has doubled, from about 70 million KVAh in 2005 to 14416.68 million KVAh in 2010.

In 2011, the scale of production and sales of lead-acid battery industry in China has been expanded, profits and sales profits have risen sharply, and the industry operating efficiency is better. In 2011, the total assets of China's lead-acid battery industry was 88.091 billion yuan, up 39.35% year-on-year; the sales revenue was 96.515 billion yuan, up 32.40% year-on-year; the total profit was 5.720 billion yuan, up 10.81% year-on-year. For details, see China Lead. Acid battery industry market prospects and investment strategy planning analysis report.

At the same time, after years of development, lead-acid battery technology has made breakthroughs in energy, cycle life, high and low temperature adaptability. At present, China is gradually narrowing the gap with international leading technology, and has reached international level in some core technologies, and is increasingly entering the international market.

With the increasing competition in the lead-acid battery industry, M&A integration and capital operation among large lead-acid battery manufacturers are becoming more and more frequent. Domestic excellent lead-acid battery manufacturers are paying more and more attention to the research of the industry market, especially for the enterprise development environment. In particular, an in-depth study of the changes in the company's development environment and customer demand trends. Because of this, a large number of domestic excellent lead-acid battery brands have risen rapidly and have gradually become the leader in the lead-acid battery industry!

At present, there are three main problems in the development of lead-acid battery industry: First, illegal lead-acid batteries and regenerative lead production enterprises still exist, the level of technical equipment is not high, and enterprises with standardized operation are still at a disadvantage in market competition, affect the healthy development of the industry. Second, a small number of enterprises ignored the national hazardous waste management requirements, illegally engaged in the collection, storage and disposal of waste lead batteries, and a large number of waste lead-acid batteries poured into illegal recycling channels, making the standard recycling enterprises lack price competitive advantages. Third, the lead-acid battery industry lacks technical support, and economic and rational pollution control technologies, especially the clean production technology of battery storage, are obviously insufficient, and the promotion of advanced technology is insufficient, which restricts the technological progress of the industry.

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