Lithium-ion Battery Uses Chemistry, Advantages And Disadvantages

In consumer electronics, lithium-ion batteries are widely used. As one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, they have a high energy-to-weight ratio, a high open-circuit voltage, a slow self-discharge rate, and no memory effect. Military, electric vehicles and aerospace applications make use of lithium-ion batteries because of their high energy density.

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Lithium-ion Battery Uses What Electrode As Its Anode

Anode materials must meet the following criteria to be suitable for lithium-ion battery production:

●Porosity and conductivity are excellent.

●Lightweight and long-lasting, and the price is low.

●Match voltage to the preferred cathode.

In a Lithium-ion battery, the anode or negative electrode is typically made of Graphite coated in Copper Foil. Graphite is a crystalline solid with a metallic sheen and a black/grey colour. It is highly conductive due to its electronic structure and can reach 25,000 S/cm2 in the plane of a single crystal.

Anodes for lithium-ion batteries are almost always made from graphite powder. Graphite materials are synthesized (artificial graphite) or mined from the ground (natural graphite) and then heavily processed before being baked onto copper foil as anodes.

Because it can reversibly place Lithium-ions between its many layers, graphite is commonly used as the active material in negative electrodes. This reversible electrochemical capability in batteries with optimized electrodes is maintained over thousands of cycles. However, the Graphite surface must be compatible with Lithium-ion battery chemistry for this application.

Lithium-ion Battery Advantages And Disadvantages

Some advantages are of lithium-ion batteries are:

●High Energy Density

Lithium-ion has twice the energy density of nickel-cadmium, making its charging capabilities far more robust than other battery types. This means that two to three times the number of nickel-cadmium battery cells would be required to provide the same amount of power as one lithium-ion battery. This is critical for devices such as smartphones, laptops, power tools, and electric vehicles because a battery should ideally last a long time between charges for convenience and practicality.

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●Cost-Effective

Because Lithium-Ion batteries have been around for a long time, the cost of manufacturing them has dropped significantly. In addition, using a lithium-ion battery for a portable device is much more cost-effective because they are readily available and cost much less.

●Continuous Voltage

Another advantage of lithium-ion batteries is their ability to maintain a constant voltage. A lithium-ion battery will successfully preserve the voltage fixed no matter how heavy the usage or load is. This is because the voltage generated by each lithium-ion cell is approximately 3.6 volts, which is significantly higher than the voltage generated by its alternatives.

●Low Maintenance

Unlike other battery types, lithium-ion batteries don't require any special care to extend their life—they don't need to be cycled and have no memory. Other batteries may require periodic discharge or battery fluid topping off, which you can avoid with lithium-ion. There's no need to prime them, making them even easier to use.

Some of the disadvantages are:

●Transportation is difficult.

In recent years, the disadvantage of lithium-ion batteries has become more pronounced. Many airlines prohibit the transport of lithium-ion batteries, limiting their cargo to ships. These lithium-ion batteries must also be kept in carry-on luggage for air passengers.

Although, in the case of the safety position, this may change over time. The number of batteries available, on the other hand, remains limited, which is the most significant disadvantage of lithium-ion batteries.

●With Time, Performance Deteriorates

Even though lithium-ion batteries have a long life span, their performance changes over time. Lithium-ion batteries' effectiveness and performance also tend to deteriorate over time. Furthermore, lithium-ion batteries can degrade their performance, whether or not they are in use. A time-related factor causes a decline in incapacity in addition to usage.

●It necessitates a greater level of protection.

Lithium-ion batteries are less durable than other types of rechargeable batteries. They require protection from being severely overcharged and discharged. Apart from that, lithium-ion batteries need to be maintained safely. As a result, every lithium-ion battery requires protection circuitry, which is a significant disadvantage in order to maintain these safe limits.

Lithium-ion Battery Chemistry

Cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator are the four main components of Li-ion batteries.

Every component of a Li-ion battery is critical, as the battery will not function if one of them is missing. 

The capacity and voltage of a Li-ion battery are determined by the cathode. The chemical reactions of lithium produce electricity in a lithium-ion battery. This is why lithium is inserted into the battery, and the space for lithium is referred to as the "cathode."

However, because lithium is unstable in its element form, it is combined with oxygen to form lithium oxide, which is used as a cathode. The term "active material" refers to the material that, like lithium oxide, intervenes in the electrode reaction of the actual battery.

The anode substrate, like the cathode, is coated with active material. The active material in the anode allows electric current to flow through the external circuit while also allowing for the reversible absorption and emission of lithium ions released from the cathode.

Lithium ions are stored in the anode, not the cathode when the battery is charged. When the conducting wire connects the cathode to the anode, lithium ions flow naturally back to the cathode through the electrolyte, and the separated electrons (e-) move along the wire, generating electricity.

Lithium ions move through the electrolyte, and electrons move through the wire, according to the explanation of cathode and anode. This is the key to a battery's ability to use electricity. We won't be able to use electricity if ions flow through the electrolyte, and our safety will be jeopardized. The component that plays this critical role is the electrolyte. Between the cathode and anode, it functions as a conduit for lithium ions. Materials with high ionic conductivity are commonly used in the electrolyte to allow lithium ions to move back and forth easily.