What is the difference between environmental and non-environmental batteries?

Batteries generally contain heavy metal elements such as mercury, lead, cadmium, etc.; these are heavy metal elements, which are highly toxic and contaminate water and soil. Those batteries that rarely contain heavy metals or heavy metals are environmentally friendly (it is said environmentally friendly, but who knows). For example, now on the market of 5 alkaline batteries have low mercury, and mercury-free, these are environmental mercury-free batteries.

Environmentally friendly batteries refer to a class of high-performance, non-polluting batteries that have been put into use or are being developed and developed in recent years. Currently has a large number of the use of nickel metal hydride batteries, lithium ion battery and is promoting the use of mercury-free alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery and rechargeable batteries and is development, the development of lithium or lithium ion batteries and fuel cells plastic belong to this category. In addition, at present has been widely used and use of solar energy for photovoltaic solar cell (also called photovoltaic power generation), can also be included in this category.

Nickel metal hydride batteries (NI - MH) with cadmium nickel battery (NI - CD) have the same working voltage (1.2V), but as a result of the use of rare earth alloy or the observatory alloy hydrogen storage material as a cathode active material, replaced the carcinogen cadmium, make the new batteries not only become a kind of green environmental protection battery, and make a battery is nearly 40% higher than the energy, to reach 60-80wh/kg and 210-240wh/l. This type of battery was gradually industrialized in the early 1990s and was first used in mobile phone batteries. Although its dominant position on mobile phones has gradually been replaced by lithium-ion batteries, its market share in mobile applications in Europe and America is still around 50%.

Lithium ion battery (li - ion) system by the embedded can make the lithium ion and embedded carbon as negative, reversible embedded lithium metal oxide as the positive (licoo2, & linio2 or limn2o4) and organic electrolyte composition, the working voltage of 3.6 v, thus a lithium ion battery is equivalent to three nickel cadmium or nickel metal hydride batteries. Therefore, the specific energy of the battery can exceed 100wh/kg and 280wh/l, which greatly exceeds the specific energy of nickel hydride battery. In view of the above advantages, since 1993 to 2000 just a few years, its production and use with extremely high speed growth.

In the process of making the pole pieces: in the process of these links, the domestic mainstream lithium iron phosphate system, even the ternary system, does not have relatively large pollution, of course, the ternary system may have certain pollution with lithium cobalt oxide. For example, cobalt, manganese and nickel are considered heavy metals, but they are relatively environmentally friendly. Among them, the most eco-friendly lithium iron phosphate. Rest, in addition to according to the above material pollution, note liquid solvent is primarily ring/chain carbonate or carboxylic acid ester. Solute mainly six lithium fluoride phosphate, lithium salt additives mainly film-forming additives, flame retardant additives, conductive additives, additives to improve low temperature discharge. The whole process is less polluted, of course, chemical agents, not paying attention to its control, must be polluted to the environment. As for the final packaging and formation, the pollution is even smaller.

3. Talk about the recycling part for cobalt acid lithium and ternary system, and of course there are recycling necessary, after all, which contain heavy metals. Lithium iron phosphate, however, in addition to basic harmless internal electrolyte and so on, compared with other battery don't have any lead, mercury, cadmium and other poisonous and harmful metallic elements in the material, so the pollution is relatively small. However, waste lithium ion battery of substances into the environment and can cause pollution of heavy metal nickel and cobalt (including arsenic), fluorine pollution, organic pollution, dust and acid and alkali pollution. Waste lithium ion battery electrolyte and their transformation products, such as LiPF6 LiAsF6, LiCF3S03, HF, P201, such as solvent and its decomposition and hydrolysis product, such as DME, methanol, formic acid, etc., are toxic and harmful substances, or need to be used the lithium battery to qualified local unified processing, do not arbitrarily discarded.

1. The fluid is negative set, generally, the anode aluminum foil, the cathode copper foil, is also likely to be some welding nickel belt connect conductive. These are basically non-toxic. Now some discarded li-ion battery unit is by recycling the aluminum and steel shell to earn money. Tags: recyclable, no pollution.

2. The negative electrode is generally graphite, a few may be lithium titanate or silicon-based materials, of course, tin-based negative electrodes are also available, but too fucking high-end, and now no one uses. Graphite is divided into natural graphite and artificial graphite. Natural graphite is derived from graphite ore. Then some processing is carried out. The exploitation of this natural graphite is still quite serious, mainly for damage to the respiratory tract. You can search for it; artificial graphite, It is made of high-temperature graphitization of petroleum coke or high-molecular materials such as asphalt, and it is basically free of pollution. There are some methods for recycling graphite flotation in lithium batteries, but I don't know how the application is now, and it can be recycled. The production process of lithium titanate is unclear. The silicon-based anode is substantially free of contamination. Evaluate according to the largest amount of graphite. Label: Moderately polluted, the recovery is unknown.

3. Positive electrode: The current positive electrode includes lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate, ternary material, lithium cobaltate, and lithium nickel cobalt aluminate. Lithium iron phosphate, generally used as a car battery or an energy storage battery, is non-toxic. Manganese acid lithium, electric bicycle battery, are non-toxic. Ternary material: lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, widely used, electric bicycles, electronic products, aircraft models, etc., cobalt are toxic. Lithium cobaltate, digital products, mobile phones, pads, etc., are moderately toxic. Nickel-cobalt-aluminum silicate: unknown, speculation and nickel cobalt manganese acid lithium.

4. The electrolyte is composed of an organic solvent and a lithium salt. The organic solvent generally has PC, EC, DEC, DMC, DME, etc., wherein DMC is slightly fine, and the others are non-toxic. Lithium is six lithium fluoride phosphate (use most, there are other lithium salt), is under the influence of water generated by hydrolysis of HF, poisonous.

5. Shell has a few broad categories: aluminum, steel shell, plastic shell, aluminum composite membrane. Including aluminum, steel shell and are non-toxic. Plastic shell and aluminum-plastic film is white pollution.

6. Diaphragm, usually in polyolefins microporous membrane, PP, PE, white pollution.

7. Binders, currently generally styrene-butadiene rubber SBR, polyvinylidene fluoride PVdF, and some acrylic binders. These are treated as white pollution. In addition, the substances used in the lithium-electric processing process are mainly NMP (micro-toxic), which is used as a solvent for the positive and negative electrodes, which evaporates during the manufacturing process, and the company needs to control its emissions and recycle. I believe, there are three main categories: first, the production process of cleaning is negative pollution pulping equipment and coating equipment, the two is the positive anode materials, including materials such as NMP, glue, some companies control is bad (malicious speculation don't want to control) in wastewater containing toxic leakage. One point one, the production process of note electrolyte cleaning supplies, may lead to water into the sewage containing electrolytes. In general, technology research and development personnel are likely to take water directly into the sewer. Second, NMP recovery is not complete. Third to circulate on the market of lithium batteries, indeed, few recycling, pollution that is lithium electricity itself is small, we value degree is not enough; The second is, lithium-ion battery recycling low profits. Lead to lithium battery now don't want to lead acid battery recycling application of the mass, and more like nickel metal hydride batteries, such as only a few of some the slogan "don't discarded batteries".

Misunderstanding 1: Lithium-ion batteries (digital consumer, notebook, electric motorcycle, plug-in hybrid car, pure electric bus, etc.) are more environmentally friendly than lead acid

Misunderstanding 2: Lead-acid batteries are more toxic than lithium-ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries at present, more and more close to civilian life, the popularity of digital electronic products, mainly mobile phones and the application of lithium ion battery and gradually expand to the electric bicycle, hybrid cars, such as some of the lead-acid battery market gradually been lithium electricity erosion, but it can't be replaced completely. Although every family has a lot of lithium ion battery (scrap mobile phone batteries, etc.), the recovery is still confined to manufacturing enterprises, mainly the anode material of cobalt acid lithium cobalt, nickel manganese acid lithium metal cobalt, nickel, anode graphite, set fluid aluminum, copper (ultra high purity), shell, etc. Just like the waste recycling seen in the streets and alleys, there is a natural value to recycle, but the pollution has not been reduced. At present, lithium-ion batteries are liquid electrolytes, that is, a variety of organic solvents, lithium salts and other components, among which there are many toxic and harmful even carcinogens; future solid-state electrolyte lithium-ion batteries may be popular, this is another topic. Compared with lead acid, everyone knows that electric bicycle sellers are very motivated to recycle lead-acid batteries and the people are very willing. The reason is that maintenance-free lead-acid battery recycling is very mature, and society and enterprises have fulfilled their obligations and recycling. At the user end, there is no pollution as long as it is not destroyed. The production of lead-acid batteries is also the same. The pollutants are mainly lead powder. They will not be poisoned without contact and without inhalation; the electrolyte is water solvent and sulfuric acid. In addition, lead acid enterprises have formed an oligopoly after the country's vigorous rectification, and the product quality is relatively reliable. Lithium battery companies are uneven. Everyone should have experienced the battery drum, sharply reduced capacity, exceed short service life and the like, serious or even explosion accident, the lithium ion battery once put in charge, is easy to be hit combustion danger. The manufacturing process is also the same, the toxicity of organic solvents forms sewage, dust pollution, and multiple fire accidents. . .

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