Practical application of sodium ion battery electrode materials

Sodium-ion batteries are attracting more and more attention because of their abundant resources and low prices. For the construction of sodium-ion battery systems for large-scale energy storage, it is critical to choose a simple, low-cost raw material. Recently, Prof. Huang Yunhui from the Institute of Automotive New Energy Research, Tongji University, Professor Luo Wei and Professor Hu Liangbing from the University of Maryland teamed up to present a prospective article entitled APerspectiveonElertrodeMaterialsofSodium-ionBatteriestowardsPracticalApplication in the international top journal ACSEnergyLetters. Huang Yangyang, a doctoral student at Tongji University, is the author of this article first author. This paper mainly introduces several sodium ion battery electrode materials with practical application potential and the development prospects of these materials.

The article expounds the commercialization requirements of sodium ion battery electrode materials. On this basis, the research status and industrialization status of sodium ion battery are analyzed in detail. In the aspect of cathode materials, the paper mainly introduces the application and existing problems of iron-manganese-based layered oxides, iron-manganese-based Prussian blue and iron-based polyanionic compounds in sodium ion batteries. In the aspect of anode materials, the paper mainly introduces hard carbon materials, and a precursor that synthesizes hard carbon at a low cost.

At the end of the article, the problems of the above materials and the future development direction are discussed. The current commercialization of sodium ion batteries is briefly introduced. At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of water-based sodium ion batteries and lead-acid batteries are compared, and the application of water-based sodium-ion batteries in large-scale storage is prospected.

Figure 1. (a) P2 type Na2/3Mn1/2Fe1/2O2 charge and discharge curve. (b) A graph of the charge and discharge of the O3 type Na2/3Mn1/2Fe1/2O2. (c) Cycle diagram of Na0.67[Fe0.5Mn0.5]O2 cycle life with different Na3N content. (d) XRD pattern of Na0.9Cu0.22-Fe0.3Mn0.48O2. (e) Cycle life diagram of Na0.9Cu0.22-Fe0.3Mn0.48O2. (f) A 2 Ah soft-packed battery composed of a Na0.9Cu0.22-Fe0.3Mn0.48O2 positive electrode and a hard carbon negative electrode. (g) Cycle life diagram of the soft pack battery. (h) Charging and discharging graph of 1Ah soft pack battery composed of NaNi1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3O2 positive electrode and hard carbon negative electrode. (i) Cycle life diagram of NaLi0.05Ni0.3Mn0.5Cu0.1Mg0.05O2 at different currents.

Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of Na3V2(PO4)2F1+2xO2-2x (0≤x≤1). (b) Operating potentials of different polymeric materials. (c-d) Charge and discharge graph of Na3V2(PO4)2F1+2xO2-2x (0≤x≤1). (e) A structural diagram of Na2Fe2(SO4)3. (f) Charge and discharge graph of Na2Fe2(SO4)3.

Figure 3. (a) Charge and discharge graph of Na1.92FeFe(CN)6. (b) A graph of Na2MnFe(CN)6 charge and discharge after removal of H2O. (c) A large scale synthetic equipment map of 10 to 100 kg of Prussian blue. (d) Prussian blue cycle life map for large-scale synthesis. (e) Prussian blue is a soft pack battery product with a positive hard carbon as the negative electrode. (f) Cycle life diagram of the soft pack battery at room temperature. (g) A diagram of the capacity retention rate of the soft pack battery at different temperatures. (h) Cycle life diagram of soft pack battery at high temperature. (i) Schematic diagram of Cu-Fe Prussian blue as a water-based sodium ion battery in which a positive electrode Mn-Fe Prussian blue is used as a negative electrode.

Figure 4. (a) Charge and discharge curve of hard carbon obtained by pyrolysis of glucose at different temperatures (b) Charging and discharging graphs of hard carbon obtained at different carbonization temperatures. (c) A 2Ah soft pack battery product diagram with hard carbon as the negative electrode. (d) Soft pack battery rate performance chart. (e) Cycle life diagram of the soft pack battery. (f) Charge and discharge curves of Kuraray's hard carbon products. (g) Hard carbon "embedded-adsorbed" mechanism diagram. (h) Hard carbon "adsorption-embedding" mechanism diagram. (i) Hard carbon "adsorption-filling" mechanism diagram.

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