What are the hazards of waste battery recycling and countermeasures?

The battery classification and harm and prevention of waste battery to environment and health and: Based on the necessity of recycling, recycling status at home and abroad, propose the corresponding countermeasure and suggestion in order to reduce the waste battery pollution to the environment to improve people's health level.

In recent years, along with the modern communication equipment and household appliances, electric vehicles, the development and popularization of portable electrical appliances, increasing demand for various types of batteries, battery consumption is growing at 10% a year, among them 72% of the total zinc manganese battery of battery. But batteries in bring people to a variety of convenient at the same time, also brought the inventor may not have thought of serious consequences.

1 classification and composition of the battery

According to the battery power source, the battery can be divided into physical and chemical battery.

1.1 physical batteries

Less physical batteries, photovoltaic solar cells and flywheel battery in the main.

1.2 chemical battery

Chemical battery according to the nature of work can be divided into: a dry cell (ordinary dry-cell batteries), secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries, mainly used in mobile phones, computers), lead-acid battery (mainly used for automobile) three categories.

A battery: use up is lost, can't repeat users, such as: zinc manganese battery, cardboard paste type zinc manganese battery, alkaline zinc manganese batteries, button batteries, zinc silver buckle type lithium manganese batteries, button zinc manganese battery, zinc air battery, a lithium manganese battery, etc.

Secondary battery: rechargeable repeat users, such as: secondary battery can be divided into: nickel cadmium rechargeable batteries, nickel metal hydride rechargeable batteries, lithium rechargeable battery, secondary alkaline zinc manganese battery, solar batteries, lead-acid batteries, etc.

Lead-acid batteries and can be divided into: open type lead-acid battery, full sealed lead-acid battery.

2 the harm of waste battery

2.1 the waste battery pollution to the environment

Directly discarded waste batteries long exposure in the environment due to erosion caused by the battery pack shell damaged, leading to the heavy metal in the battery and acid and alkali, polluted water and soil directly. Heavy metal ions in soil and water will be absorbed by the roots of the plants, when the animals to plants for food, the body will accumulate heavy metals, through the biological effect of the food chain, enrichment of heavy metals in the human body, savings in some organs cause chronic poisoning, damage the human nervous system and liver function.

At present, our country's urban living garbage treatment mainly with the method of landfill, incineration, composting, into the city life garbage in the waste batteries, with the living garbage into the landfill, incineration, composting process. Landfill disposal in our country at present level is low, many garbage in simple stacking condition, if the focus stacking, the effects of the micro batteries battery in the process of corrosion can increase the speed of the battery pack shell corrosion and leaks, and release a large number of pollutants, the environmental damage is more severe. And in the process of burning, parts of the waste batteries will be taken away by the flue gas by high temperature and volatilization of heavy metals, enter the heavy metals in the cold air in the air condenses into uniform small granular material, can be directly enter the body through breathing. Easier to enrichment of mercury, cadmium and lead in fly ash, the pollution caused by the ash. Mixed with the waste battery in the process of composting, due to its heavy metal content is higher, therefore may seriously affect the quality of the compost product.

The best solution is classified collection after recycling waste battery treatment. But if regeneration technology lag behind, the recycling process also may produce secondary pollution. And if not handled properly, will be because of the heavy metal enrichment may cause more pollution.

2.2 on the dangers of waste batteries

Waste battery in the process of collection, storage, transportation, if treatment is not promptly may be directly harm the people. On March 26, 2006, Mudanjiang tieling town village civil choosing television remote control, remote control in section 5, the old battery suddenly exploded in the hands, causing the villagers the right optic nerve injury, led the villagers nearly blind; On May 28, 2004, Chongqing wall mount county five farmers dinner at home, including 3 swallowed the soak 1 number 5 dry cell (rot) bottles of beer after three people acute zinc chloride poisoning. In November 1939, the Japanese heavy metal poisoning incident shocked the world god is Sichuan battery, poisoning caused by villagers' collective mad the culprit is the waste of manganese battery.

The harm of waste battery in which mainly contains a small amount of zinc, Hg, Cd, Ni, Pb and other heavy metals;- H2SO4 in lead battery; The KOH and all kinds of alkaline batteries the lithium battery the LiPF6 electrolyte, etc. Mercury Hg and its compounds, in particular, organic compound, with a strong biological toxicity, faster biological enrichment rate and longer brain organ biological half-life. Cd in the human body easy to cause chronic poisoning, is a kind of toxic heavy metals, is the main disease emphysema, softening, anemia, bone is likely to make human body paralysis. And the most difficult to discharge after cadmium enters the body, it interferes with kidney function, reproductive function. Pb to the person's chest, kidneys, reproductive and cardiovascular adverse effects such as organs and systems, performance of mental decline, kidney damage, infertility, and high blood pressure, etc. Zinc, Ni toxicity is relatively small, but more than a certain concentration range, will adversely affect and harm to human body. Acid, alkali electrolyte solution of waste batteries will influence the drainage of the soil PH, soil and water system of acidic or alkaline. Battery electrolyte composition is one of the main components of soluble heavy metal pollution, especially lead battery electrolyte in large amounts of lead sulfate and hydroxide cadmium nickel cadmium battery.

Three general situation of recycling of waste batteries both at home and abroad

Waste battery waste is not "waste", said 95% of the material can be recycled, especially heavy metals recovery value is very high. The secondary lead industry abroad has developed rapidly, 55% of the existing lead production from secondary lead, including the regeneration of waste lead accumulator occupy a large proportion.100 kg lead battery recycling waste lead 50 ~ 60 kg. For regenerative containing cadmium waste battery treatment, has a mature technology abroad, 100 kg containing cadmium waste battery recycling metal cadmium of 20 kg.

Many developed countries have to deal with waste battery technology. Such as vacuum heat treatment method developed by German art company is cheaper, but this needs sorting out in the waste battery first nickel-cadmium batteries, scrap batteries in a vacuum heating and evaporation of mercury in the bottom, can be recycled, and then the remaining raw material grinding, metallic iron were extracted with a magnet, and extracted from the remaining powder of nickel and manganese. This processing one ton of waste batteries cost less than 1500 mark.

It is understood that some of the domestic scientific research units and enterprises have also developed related technologies. The Beijing university of science and technology of waste battery treatment technology of Hebei east China fortune, waste battery recycling plant is under construction. Beijing development planning commission has approved the European technology and equipment, waste dry battery plant is established. Henan Xinxiang battery plant has a technology researchers designed a set of waste battery recycling techniques and production equipment. After two years of research, Liaoning Anshan successfully trial-produced a waste battery recycling resource regeneration and harmless handling technology, has been through the relevant experts and relevant departments of the argument.

4 the problems existing in the waste battery recycling in our country

Waste battery recycling, is the first step of waste battery environmental management, also is one of the most difficult step. According to the Chinese battery industry association statistics, China's current waste battery recovery rate less than 2%.

1) lack of policy support. Government departments should play a role in the work, in the fixed on the prevention and control of waste, not for battery recycling, formulate detailed rules, recycling and recovery without reward and punishment, relevant functional departments can't to production enterprises, recycling business, personal targeted guidance. The profits of the waste battery treatment generally reflected in two aspects: government subsidies and generated during the processing of new products. Such as zinc, manganese, mercury, etc. Foreign travel is: for the waste battery recycling "subsidies", namely processing one ton of waste battery, the government give corresponding compensation. But there is no relevant policy in our country.

2) the understanding of waste battery pollution problem. The old battery recycling network is basically spontaneous "woven" organizations or individuals, although the propaganda is larger, but the shortage of the residents awareness of waste batteries harm no form collection, consciously to hand in the consciousness of the common, especially in the countryside, the phenomenon of waste battery discarded is common, so the waste battery recycling is still difficult.

3) the money problem. As a production enterprise of battery manufacturers in the whole society to provide every year hundreds of millions of all kinds of battery only, but truly conscious and participate in the recycling this link of manufacturing enterprises is indeed chicken. Another approach to tackling the centralized waste battery is in accordance with the methods of dealing with the hazardous waste landfill or storage, but this kind of treatment of the cost of a ton of needs yuan, and faces a charge of uncertain problems.

In fact, waste battery recycling industry is not unprofitable, because a large number of renewable utilization of waste batteries contain heavy metals and acid substances, such as through the waste battery recycling, renewable annually 40000 tons of zinc. According to Dr Wei estimates of south China university of technology, according to the daily processing 100000 waste batteries, remove all kinds of cost, profit of 20000 yuan; With 7 billion batteries, only 50% of the utilization rate of calculation, the profit for the year up to 600 million yuan. It is clear that scale management can create benefits.

4) after recycling processing problems. Waste battery treatment technology has not been fundamentally solved, especially the disposable batteries, because too much raw material variety, increase the processing difficulty. Limited to recycling, without processing and recycling. So-called recycling is only will pollution concentration, even can recycling, recycling of waste batteries cannot properly handle. Therefore to establish a set of perfect effective laws and regulations, increase publicity of environmental protection and the development of reliable processing technology is urgently needed.

Five Suggestions

1) strengthen publicity and education work. Set up the national consciousness of recycling of waste batteries to make all the people actively cooperate with relevant departments of the recycling. In personnel relative concentration of schools, units, enterprises, park, business center and the edge of the rural popular science propaganda, improve the environmental protection consciousness, understand the basic knowledge of the battery to the disposal of waste battery difference between, mercury, copper, lead the waste battery recycling as the key category.

2) promotes the use of green environmental protection battery. Encouraged to use pollution-free, small pollution, no mercury or han palace two low battery. In recent years has been put into use and are developing a kind of high performance and non-pollution battery, including has been put into use of nickel metal hydride batteries, lithium ion battery, is promoting the use of mercury-free alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery, and fuel cells, solar cells (photovoltaic cell), etc.

3) countries should offer certain support in terms of policy, funds. Should formulate relevant policies and regulations, the provisions of the state of waste dry batteries must be recycled, it is forbidden to waste dry battery at random into living garbage; To actively participate in recycling of waste dry cell research units and enterprises to provide policy and financial tilt, ensure that investors capital priority to promote value-added products and processing unit.

4) to create all sorts of convenient conditions for recycling of waste dry cell. Such as set up waste battery recycling bins in public places, to speed up the popularization of waste recycling, set up specialized in various residential areas generally recycling batteries trash; When selling batteries, applies a system of deposit, or based on old change new system, to ensure that the recovery rate of waste dry cell.As long as fully mobilize all social forces, waste battery recycling is not difficult to solve.

5) development suited to China's national conditions of processing technology. Using the experience of other countries, combined with domestic economic and technological level and market standardization degree, scientific understanding of the environmental impact of waste battery, cannot be exaggerated the harm. Technology of waste battery management advanced degree directly influences the whole work of the final effect. Therefore, we should improve the product, reduce the battery, the content of heavy metals and other harmful ingredients in the development of advanced, suitable for China's national conditions, non-hazardous waste battery recycling disposal technology.

6 the conclusion

The recycling of waste batteries is inseparable from the government policy and economic and so on various aspects support together, and it is the most real earnings in addition to control the battery inside of the composition of harmful substances at the same time, should also set up an effective system of processing in a timely manner.

The page contains the contents of the machine translation.