Principles of maintenance and repair of lead-acid batteries

Batteries, also known as chemical power sources, are devices that can provide DC power for electrical appliances. Chemical power supplies convert chemical energy into electrical energy through Redox electrochemical reactions. A primary battery is a disposable battery, and a secondary battery is a battery that can be reused many times. Therefore, a secondary battery here actually means multiple times. Secondary batteries are also called rechargeable batteries or batteries.

A positive pulse relative to a zero level or a certain reference level is called a positive pulse, or a positive pulse, and vice versa. Positive and negative pulses are called combined pulses that appear at a certain duty cycle. Since the twentieth century, with the continuous improvement of people's understanding of negative pulses, the application range of negative pulses has been expanding, and it has been widely used in many fields, such as energy, medical, exploration, and so on. Let's take the lead-acid battery and the lithium-ion battery as an example to introduce the principle of maintenance and repair of the battery by the combined pulse repair machine and combined pulse charger:

Basic part

(1), lead-acid battery

Lead-acid battery is a kind of battery. It has a wide range of applications, such as automobile, motorcycle, train, ship, communication and UPS, at its low price and good high rate discharge performance. Lead-acid batteries are mainly composed of a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, an electrolyte, a container, a pole, a separator, and a conductive material. (1) Positive electrode plate (positive electrode active material)

The main component of the active material of the positive electrode plate is lead dioxide. It has strong oxidizing properties. When it is discharged, it reacts with sulfuric acid to form lead sulfate and absorbs electrons. There are two types of crystal lattices for lead dioxide, one is α-Pb02 and the other is β-Pb02. These two kinds of lead dioxide active substances are very different, and their roles in the positive electrode plate are also different. -Pb02 gives a capacity three times that of α-PbO2 ~ ~ ~ 1.5. While α-Pb02 has good mechanical strength, its presence, the active material of the positive electrode plate should not soften and fall off. When the ratio of α-Pb02 and βα-PbO2 reaches 0.8, the lead storage battery will show good performance.

The positive electrode active material reacts with electrolyte sulfuric acid to form lead sulfate and water in a discharged state. The reaction formula is as follows: Pb02 + 3 h + + is HSO4 + 2 e = = PbSO4 + 2 When water is charged, when it is converted into ρbO2 and sulfuric acid by the action of the external circuit, ρb4 + of lead dioxide is received by the negative electrode. The electron formation ρb + 2 combines with the sulfate ion in the solution to form ρbSO4. When the lead sulfate reaches a certain amount, it becomes a precipitate attached to the electrode plate. The electrons of the lead ions in the lead sulfate during charging are taken away by the external circuit to be converted into lead dioxide. The hydrogen ions in the water are left in the solution. Oxygen ions combine with lead ions to form lead dioxide into the crystal lattice to form a positive active material.

(2) Negative electrode plate (negative electrode active material)

In the lead-acid battery, in order to fully react the negative active material with the electrolyte, lead is made into a porous sponge, also known as sponge lead. When discharging, lead gives external line electrons to form Pb + 2 and solution. Sulfate is combined to form lead sulfate. When charged, part of PbSO4 is first dissolved into Pb2+ and SO4.Pb+2 accepts electron reduction to lead into the negative active material lattice.

(3) Electrolyte

Sulfuric acid is one of the important raw materials in the electrolyte of lead-acid batteries. There are two kinds of concentrated sulfuric acid on the market: one is industrial concentrated sulfuric acid, the purity is low, it is not suitable for lead-acid batteries; the other is higher purity. The analytical grade is more suitable for lead-acid batteries. The molecular weight of sulfuric acid is 98, and the sulfuric acid content of concentrated sulfuric acid is 98%. It is a colorless transparent oily liquid. It has strong water absorption and corrosivity. When combined with water, it can release a large amount. The heat, so in the electrolyte preparation process, we must pay attention to protection, so as to avoid danger. When preparing, do not add water to concentrated sulfuric acid, but slowly add concentrated sulfuric acid to the water. In the process of preparing lead-acid battery electrolyte, the requirements for water are high, and the amount of impurities in the water directly affects the quality of the battery. The appearance of the lead storage battery is colorless and transparent, and the residue content should be less than 0.01%. Generally, the standard for testing water is expressed by resistivity (Ωcm) or conductivity. The simpler method is to use resistivity measurement method: use a digital multimeter to set the gear to 20 mΩ, and the two meters of the multimeter are separated by 1 cm. The measured resistance of the water is 5-10 mΩ.

(4) partition

The separator is also one of the main components of the lead storage battery. Its quality has a great influence on the battery. The main function of the separator is to prevent short circuit between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery. In the battery, the requirement for the separator is: using a porous separator. Allowing the electrolyte to diffuse freely and ionize, with a relatively small resistance, the separator aperture is small. The total area of ??the voids is large, and it is necessary to prevent the falling active material from reaching the other party's plates. Therefore, the separator has a small pore size and a large number of pores.

Second, the commonly used nouns in the battery repair process:

1. Irreversible sulfation

Irreversible sulfate, referred to as sulfation. When the lead-acid battery is discharged, the positive and negative plates produce a combination, that is, lead sulfate and lead sulfate are substances that are hardly soluble in water and are not conductive. Under normal circumstances, the crystals of lead sulfate formed after the discharge of the battery are compared. Small, when charged, it is relatively easy to dissolve and reduce to lead under the action of electricity. If used improperly, it is often undercharged, dehydrated, over-discharged, etc. Lead sulfate forms coarse and hard crystals, and it is difficult to reduce it to lead by a general method. Therefore, it is called irreversible sulfation. Due to sulfation, on the one hand, it can block sulfuric acid and other gases. The active substance contacts and reacts: on the other hand, the amount of the active substance is reduced, which causes the battery to be easily lowered, and in severe cases, the battery life is terminated.

2. The shedding of the active substance

When we repaired used batteries, some batteries were filled with water and some reddish brown liquid flowed out from the water injection holes. It is the active substance that falls off, and the reasons for the falling off of the active substance are as follows: 1. The battery is affected by external force, such as vibration and beating. 2, α-PbO2.βPbO2 variant model. αPbO2 is the active material skeleton. When the battery is charged and discharged, a part of α-PbO2 is converted into β-PbO2 to cause softening and shedding. 3. As the cycle progresses, the active material gradually crystallizes from the amorphous state, that is, the crystallinity increases, the number of hydrated polymer chains decreases, the gel pressure resistance increases, the electrical contact between the grains deteriorates, and the active material falls off. 4. It is also believed that as charging and discharging continue, the active material forms a number of dense agglomerates. When there is insufficient connection between the agglomerates, the active material will fall off and the battery will fail.

3. Battery voltage

The potential difference between the positive and negative poles of the battery is called the voltage of the battery, and is generally measured with a multimeter. In the battery repair process, the voltage has three manifestations: the first type is the no-load voltage, also known as the open circuit voltage, which is the measured battery voltage when the battery is not charged and has no load: the second is called the load voltage. Is the battery voltage measured during a certain period of battery discharge. The third type is the online voltage, which is the voltage measured by the battery at a certain moment in the charging process. It is important to understand the three voltage measurement methods to determine whether the battery is open or shorted; the calculation of the internal resistance of the battery is of great significance.

4. Battery capacity

The capacity of the battery is an important indicator to measure the performance of the battery, generally expressed in ampere. The general term for discharge time (hours) and discharge current (amperes), capacity = discharge time x discharge current. The actual capacity of the battery depends on the amount of active material in the battery and the utilization of the active substance. The more the active substance is, the higher the utilization rate of the active material and the larger the capacity of the battery. On the contrary, the smaller the capacity, the many factors affecting the battery capacity, the common ones are as follows:

(1) Effect of discharge rate on battery capacity

The capacity of the lead battery decreases with the increase of the discharge rate. That is to say, the larger the discharge current, the smaller the battery capacity is calculated. For example, a 10 ah battery can be discharged for 5 hours with 5 discharges, 5×2 = 10, then with 10 discharges can only release 47.4 minutes of electricity, for 0.79 hours. Its capacity is only 10 × 0.79 = 7.9 ampere, so there will be different capacities for a given battery to discharge at different rates. When we talk about capacity, we must know the rate or rate of discharge. Simply put, how much current is used to discharge.

(2) The effect of temperature on battery capacity

The temperature has a great influence on the capacity of the lead-acid battery. Generally, the temperature decreases with the bottom, the capacity decreases, and the relationship between the capacity and the temperature is as follows:

Ct1 = Ct2/1 + k(t1 - t2).t1t2 is the temperature of the electrolyte, k is the temperature coefficient of the capacity, the capacity of Ct1 is t1 (ah), and Ct2 is the capacity when the temperature is t2 (ah) In the battery production standard, it is generally required to set a temperature to the rated standard temperature. If t1 is the actual temperature and t2 is the standard temperature, (generally 25 degrees Celsius), the negative plate is more sensitive to the low temperature than the positive plate. When the temperature of the electrolyte is lowered, the viscosity of the electrolyte increases, the ions are subjected to a large resistance, the diffusion ability is decreased, the electrolyte resistance is also increased, the electrochemical reaction resistance is increased, and a part of the lead sulfate cannot be normally converted. The charge acceptance is reduced, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity.

(3) The effect of termination voltage on battery capacity

When the battery is discharged to a certain voltage value, the voltage is drastically reduced, and the energy actually obtained is very small. If the battery is deeply discharged for a long period of time, the damage to the battery is considerable. Therefore, it is necessary to terminate the discharge at a certain voltage value, which is called the discharge termination voltage. Setting the discharge termination voltage is significant for extending the battery life. Generally, the electric vehicle battery that we repaired has a discharge termination voltage of 1.75 volts per grid, which means that a 12-volt battery is 6 grids, and its discharge termination voltage is 6 × 1.75 = 10.5 volts.

(4) The influence of the geometry of the plate on the battery capacity

When the amount of the active material is constant, the geometric area of ??the plate directly contacting the electrolyte increases, and the battery capacity increases, so the geometrical size of the plate and the influence on the battery capacity cannot be ignored.

1 plate thickness on the capacity

The amount of active material is constant, the battery capacity decreases as the thickness of the plate increases, and the thicker the plate, the smaller the contact surface of sulfuric acid with the active material, the lower the utilization rate of the active material, and the smaller the battery capacity.

2 plate height impact on capacity

In the battery, there is a big difference in the utilization ratio of the active materials in the upper and lower parts of the plate. Experiments have confirmed that in the initial stage of discharge, the current density on the upper part of the plate is about 2 times to 2.5 times higher than that in the lower part. The change in discharge is gradually reduced, but the upper portion is larger than the lower current density.

3 plate area impact on capacity

The amount of active material is constant, the larger the geometrical area of ??the plate, the higher the utilization rate of the active material, and the larger the capacity of the battery. In the case of the same battery case and the same active material quality, the use of a thin plate increases the number of plates, which increases the effective reaction area of ??the plates, thereby increasing the utilization of the active material and increasing the capacity of the battery.

4. Internal resistance of lead-acid batteries

The internal resistance of the battery is the resistance formed by the internal material of the battery, and the internal resistance of the battery can be formed only when charging and discharging. It is not a constant, but changes over time during charging and discharging. The internal resistance we usually talk about is the total internal resistance at a certain moment. It not only contains the internal resistance of the battery, but also contains the full resistance value of the polarization.

In the case of a single cell, the internal resistance of the cell is small, mainly consisting of the resistance of the electrolyte, the separator and the plate itself. If it is a battery pack, the connecting wires and poles between the single cells are important parts of the resistor. The internal resistance of the battery can be calculated by the following methods: setting the no-load voltage to V1 and the load voltage to V2, then the internal resistance of the battery For R = V2 V1 / I am the discharge current. It must be noted that the first step of the measurement must be completed within 10 - 4 seconds, otherwise the internal resistance should include all the resistance values at the time of polarization, which can be varied.

5. Short circuit and open circuit of lead storage battery

In the process of repairing used batteries, short circuit and open circuit are the key to determine whether the battery can be repaired.

The battery short circuit has external and internal points. The external short circuit connects the positive and negative poles with wires. Usually, this "±" method is used to judge whether the battery is good or bad. Internal short circuit means that the positive and negative plates in the battery are separated from each other by a diaphragm (separator). Once the diaphragm is damaged, such as diaphragm aging, diaphragm corrosion, etc., it can cause a short circuit. The disconnection of the battery means that the entire battery circuit is interrupted and is separated from the broken grid. The broken grid is partially broken off. The road is a battery without voltage and current. The open circuit is generally due to the complete separation of the battery pile head from the plate, or the lead sulfate seriously surrounds the plate and the current cannot pass normally. Generally speaking, the most common one is short circuit. The most common methods for judging battery short circuit are three kinds:

The first is to measure the battery voltage with a voltmeter. If it is less than 11.5 volts, the battery may be short-circuited;

The second is to add water to the battery, and then measure its voltage, because some batteries due to severe water shortage, the voltage can exceed 12 volts before adding water. However, after adding water, the diaphragm is softened, the plate expands after water absorption, and the function of the diaphragm appears, and the open circuit voltage is less than 11.5 v;

The third type is when charging, especially after repairing, the battery voltage is always less than 15 volts, and it can be judged as a short circuit. However, it is necessary to distinguish it from the decrease in sulfuric acid concentration. When the latter is discharged, the voltage drops slowly, and after the concentrated sulfuric acid is added, the voltage or capacity can be recovered.

6. Self-discharge of the battery

Self-discharge refers to the phenomenon that the battery drops when it is not in use or in storage. That is to say, the battery loses capacity due to self-discharge when there is no load. Generally, the self-discharge of the battery mainly occurs in the negative electrode, because most of the negative active material is a relatively active metal powder, and the potential of the hydrogen in the solution is lower than that of the hydrogen, and the reaction of replacing the hydrogen is likely to occur. If there is a metal impurity lower than the potential on the plate. These impurities form a tiny corroded battery in the active material of the plate, causing the negative electrode metal to be self-contained, accompanied by hydrogen gas escaping, thereby reducing the capacity. The severity of self-discharge will directly affect battery quality. Generally, the self-discharge rate is used to express the formula: self-discharge rate = Ca-Cb / cat × 100%, where Ca is the initial capacity of the battery, Cb is the battery capacity after placement, and T is the placement time. It is worth noting that when the self-discharge rate is negative, it means that the storage time is not long and the battery is in the capacity growth period. Third, the working principle of lead-acid batteries

The lead storage battery will produce the following reaction during charging and discharging: lead dioxide + pb + 2 sulfuric acid = = = 2 pbso4 + 2 water is charged, under the action of electric energy, converted to lead dioxide, lead and sulfuric acid, that is, charging It is the process of converting electrical energy into chemical energy. At the time of discharge, the positive electrode plate receives the electrons sent from the negative electrode plate, and the lead ions have positive tetravalent to become positive divalent. Contact with sulphate forms lead sulfate which is hardly soluble in water, and lead of the negative electrode becomes positive valence due to the output of two electrons. Lead sulfate is also produced. That is to say, when discharging, the stored chemical energy is converted into electric energy.

The battery is accompanied by a decomposition reaction of water during charging or at the end of charging. The reason for this is because the lead-acid battery has a poor charge acceptance capability, and once the positive charge state reaches 70%, oxygen begins to precipitate on the positive electrode. When the state of charge of the negative electrode exceeds 90%, hydrogen gas is precipitated on the negative electrode. Generally speaking, when the positive electrode is charged to 120% of the rated power, it can reach the full charge state. Therefore, the lead-acid battery will generate water decomposition reaction water consumption every time it is charged, so regular water supply maintenance is unavoidable.

4.    Sulfate and battery failure mechanism.

As the number of times the battery is used increases, the discharge capacity is continuously reduced. Since the use of the battery is not correct, the scrapping standards are also different. Generally speaking, the battery is used normally, and the capacity is less than 60% of the rated capacity. This is a scrapped battery that requires maintenance or repair. Due to the manufacturing conditions of the battery, the way of use is different, and the reasons for the end of the battery are also different. However, it can be summarized as follows: corrosion deformation of the following 1 positive electrode plate 2 positive electrode active material softening off 3 irreversible sulfation 4 capacity premature loss 5 thermal runaway. Among them, irreversible sulfation is the most common cause of battery failure.

As discussed earlier, lead is converted into an active substance due to the loss of water (ionization, electrolytic evaporation) during charging, and lead sulfate itself is hardly soluble in water. When lead sulfate cannot be converted into an active material for a certain period of time, coarse crystals are formed. This crystal hinders the normal operation of the battery, and a part of the excess electric energy cannot be normally converted into chemical energy, thereby being converted into heat energy, which further increases the loss of water, thereby forming a vicious circle. When this cycle reaches a certain level, the battery capacity drops, the heat is getting bigger and bigger, the internal pressure of the battery increases, and the battery is deformed. Therefore, scientific maintenance and maintenance is the most economical and effective method for prolonging the service life of the battery.

Fifth, the correct use and maintenance of the battery

1 According to the working characteristics of the battery, reasonable maintenance and use, is very important for the extension of battery life. The correct use and maintenance of lead-acid batteries is necessary. The correct use or not has a great impact on the capacity and life of the battery. It is very important to master the correct charging method. First of all, you must choose a good charger (recommended to use a combined pulse charger), the charger indicators have output voltage, charging current, mediation point and so on. In summer, the weather is hot, you should choose a lower charger for the mediation point; in winter, the opposite is true.

2 Pay attention to the charging, do not wait for the electricity to use up and recharge. When the battery is just discharged, lead sulfate is more easily dissolved and converted into an active substance once placed for a while. Lead sulfate is easy to form coarse crystals. Cause irreversible sulfation. In addition, we must also pay attention to the regular deep cycle, which is to recharge the electricity after the electricity is used, to prevent the battery from being passivated, usually once a month.

3 in the transportation of the battery, during the installation process. It is strictly forbidden to drop the pole. Do not short the positive and negative poles. Do not use batteries of different capacities and performances together.

4 pay attention to insulation when charging in winter. Otherwise, the electrical energy cannot be converted into chemical energy normally, and the charging is not full. When the electrolyte temperature is lowered, the lead sulfate dissolution decreases, the internal molecular activity of the battery decreases, and the internal resistance increases. At this time, charging, if not enough, the charger will mediate, the user thinks it is full, continue to use. When the lead sulfate crystal is made large, irreversible sulfation is formed.

Maintenance operation section

First, the repair of lead-acid batteries

The advent of the Amber series of combined pulse repair machines and repair fluids broke the erroneous conclusion that "lead-acid batteries are not repairable." Most lead-acid batteries are repairable during long-term R&D and experimentation. The repair rate can reach 91%, and the capacity after repair can reach more than 80% of the initial capacity.

Amber's combined pulse repair machine technology combines physical and chemical means to achieve battery maintenance and maintenance.

1. The principle of repair and maintenance of Amber combination pulse repair machine and charger:

1 During the charging process, the ion cloud around the plate is removed by periodically emitting continuously converted ions between the positive and negative electrodes;

2 Remove the positive and negative plates, especially the negative plates are active ions, also known as impurity ions.

3 strong negative pulse can crush the coarse and hard lead sulfate crystals and promote their dissolution;

4 By adjusting the duty cycle of positive and negative pulses, the ratio of α-lead dioxide to β-lead dioxide is more reasonable.

2. The auxiliary products developed by Amber, the effect of repair fluid on battery repair.

The repair fluid is used in combination with the pulse repair machine to minimize the repair time of the battery and improve the repair rate of the battery. Its main role is:

(1) Increasing the utilization rate of the positive electrode active material, preventing corrosion of the positive electrode grid, thereby reducing the softening and falling off of the positive electrode active material, generally the utilization rate of the positive electrode active material is only 48%, and after adding the repair liquid, it can be increased to 53% or more.

2 Assist in the combined pulse repair machine, dissolve the crude lead sulfate crystals, and react the chemical components in the repair solution with lead sulfate to form a soluble intermediate. Lead sulfate is converted to active material, but the amount must be controlled, otherwise the battery will be short-circuited.

3 Extend the service life of the battery, and maximize the battery life by changing the crystal structure of the active material of the positive electrode plate in a small amount.

4 The pore-forming action of the lead active material of the negative electrode plate increases the pore size of the active material of the negative electrode plate by the action of the sponge lead on the negative electrode plate, so that the contact area of ??the sulfuric acid with the active material increases.

5 Stabilize the colloidal electrolyte in the colloidal battery.

3. Preparation and use of repair fluid

There are two kinds of repair liquids: one is concentrated and the other is prepared for direct use. For the concentrate, it must be diluted with water before use. The water used has certain requirements, and the content of various impurities should be within a certain limit. It is indirectly expressed by the resistivity and conductivity of common water. The preparation methods of pure water include distillation, ion exchange and electrodialysis. Depending on the method of preparation, we call it ionized water, distilled water or ultrapure water. But no matter what water, as long as the resistivity reaches 5-10M / Ω, it can be used. The measuring method is: use a glass cup or a non-metallic cup, take the appropriate amount of water to be measured, use a multimeter to set the gear position to 20 m / Ω, insert the two test leads 1 cm apart into the water, if the resistance value reaches 5-10 MΩ, This water is qualified.

The concentrated repair solution is 500 liters per bottle when it is shipped. When preparing, the ratio of concentrate to pure water should be prepared in a ratio of 1:9. For example, a bottle of 500 ml of concentrate and 4,500 ml of water are mixed to make 5000. ML of repair fluid.

It should be noted that: 1 the repair solution should be properly kept to prevent accidental drinking; 2 should be placed in a cool place to avoid direct sunlight; 3 concentrated liquid is a colorless transparent liquid, sometimes a little precipitation. Shake well before use and then prepare. If there are too many precipitates, it can be regarded as failure. Second, electric bicycles, electric motorcycle batteries repair methods.

First step: preparation before repair, first check the appearance of the battery, see if the shell is damaged, whether it leaks. Whether the pile head is oxidized, broken, and the battery is deformed. Has it been repaired, if it has been repaired, ask the repair location, what kind of liquid has been added, and if the manufacturer has repaired it, it can be repaired according to this method. If other methods are repaired, they cannot be repaired and it is recommended to scrap. Secondly, the voltage is measured. The voltage of the single cell is positive above 11.5 v, often above 10.5 v, partial short circuit is below 11.5 v, severe short circuit is below 10.5 v, and all short circuits are 0 v.

Step 2: Open the battery cover, remove the rubber cap, and add the repair solution. The amount of liquid added is 5 - 10 ml or more, until it is full.

The third step: discharge, pay attention to discharge with 5 first, when the battery is placed at 10.5 v, change to a small current, generally 2 or less, put about 2 v. If the Amber APSF12-4 type capacity detector is more convenient to discharge, the APSF12-4 type capacity detector is different from other capacity detectors in that it has two functions: pre-repair discharge and post-repair capacity detection. When repairing the pre-discharge, just switch the mediation point to 0 v and wait until it is discharged to about 2 v to start repairing.

Step 4: Repair: connect the batteries in series (depending on the type of battery installed in the repair machine) 25 ah The following battery adjusts the duty cycle counterclockwise to the minimum or 1/10, with a current of 3.5 - -3.8 Repair the .17-25Ah battery, which can be adjusted up to 4.5 - 5.5.

The fifth step: detection, matching, will complete the battery with 5 balance current discharge according to the discharge time to calculate the actual capacity of the battery, the capacity to reach more than 80% of the new battery, [calculation formula: actual capacity = 5 × discharge time (in hours) The meter/battery calibration capacity is grouped according to the principle of time. When fully charged, the battery is tilted 45 degrees, the remaining liquid is pumped out, the helmet is covered, and the battery is sealed with chloroform.

Third, electric tricycle, motorcycle, car and other rich liquid lead-acid battery repair method

The difference between a rich liquid battery and a lean liquid battery is the presence or absence of a free electrolyte. The former has free liquid, such as a car battery, a motorcycle battery, an electric tricycle battery, etc., the latter does not, such as an electric bicycle battery, Good Day. When the electric battery. They differ somewhat in their repair methods. However, the discrimination in the battery is basically the same. The specific operations are as follows:

(1) The liquid for repairing liquid and liquid-rich batteries is different from the liquid battery. When preparing, the concentrate should be diluted into a repair liquid, and then the repair liquid plus analytically pure concentrated sulfuric acid is used to prepare the specific gravity. The electrolyte of 1:1.28——-1.31 is reserved.

(2) Adding liquid, for the rich liquid battery, the amount of liquid added is much larger than that of the lean liquid type, so it should be determined according to the condition of the battery itself. Generally speaking, the liquid-filled battery has a certain scale. . When adding liquid, the liquid level should not exceed the limit. If it is not clear, it will be submerged. In order to control the cost, it is not recommended to completely change the liquid, that is, to replace the original liquid part. If the original battery is out of fluid, it should be directly replenished. If it is not missing, it should be replaced by about 100 ml / grid.

For some batteries that cannot open the battery cover and are not maintenance-maintaining, and can not change the liquid, and the battery inside the battery has liquid, it can be directly repaired.

(3) Repair, use X-6B type X-7B. Adjust the duty cycle to the corresponding position, that is, 65 ah, adjust to the center 120, the battery is adjusted to the maximum, and the repair current is controlled at 6-8. The repair time depends on the battery capacity. Let the battery capacity be C and the repair current be me, then the repair time is T; the formula is T = C / I × 140% - 140%. When the car battery is repaired, it is also necessary to observe the battery voltage and temperature. (Except for high internal resistance batteries) When the voltage reaches 16 v or more, and there is a feeling of heat, stop repairing. Other batteries observe changes in the electrolyte. If the appearance of the electrolyte changes to a washed rice sample, the repair is completed.

(4) Allow the repaired battery to stand for 30 minutes. Measure the battery voltage and the specific gravity of the electrolyte. If the battery voltage is above 12.8 v and the specific gravity of the electrolyte is 1:1.28 - 1:1.3, it can be used. If this standard is not met, the corresponding adjustment can be made.

(5) Notes：

1. When preparing the electrolyte, pay attention to safety, do not pour water into sulfuric acid;

2. The water used in the preparation must be diluted with the repair solution instead of the concentrate;

3. If the repair time reaches the standard time, the voltage cannot reach 15 v (when the voltage is not voltage), the battery should be a short-circuit battery;

4. After the repair is completed, the electrolyte concentration reaches the required type exceeding 1:1.31, and the battery voltage of less than 12.8 v can also be regarded as a short-circuit battery;

5. Before the repair, discharge with the APSF12-4 discharge machine 10, when placed below 10.5 v, the battery load voltage drops rapidly to a relatively stable, it can be repaired;

6. For the car battery, after the repair, it should be allowed to stand for 2-3 days, measure the battery voltage, should be kept above 12.3 v, and can be used.

80 years to repair a set of v700ah battery examples:

This group of batteries is the HAWKER battery. It was shipped at the end of 2003. It was released to the market yesterday in March 2006. It can work for about 3 hours before getting off the bus.

Initially, the battery has a cell voltage of 0.8 v, which is to be replaced. In addition to this battery, the other battery has a total voltage of 82.3 v, which is about 2.11 v per block. The specific gravity of the electrolyte is 1.18 - -1.22, and one monomer is 1.25. (The visible voltage is a bit high from the above, because it has just been charged for about two hours, and it only charges for ten hours, the density is different.) The two batteries are obviously worse than the middle battery. At this time, the battery is connected to the automatic charger (the parameters such as voltage and current are not adjustable) and the battery is automatically stopped within five minutes.

Repair: After replacing the monomer (in 2004, it has been stored for half a year), the sulfur removal operation was carried out to restore the specific gravity of the battery to above 1.25. A special charging method is used to make the electricity sufficient. It is estimated that five cycles in a week can be completed.

Brief description of battery repair

On the 11.13th, the battery condition was measured in the morning. The voltage and specific gravity are shown in the data record form. For business reasons, the fix is ??delayed until next week.

11.21 am arrives at 1 pm to start work. The efficiency of this big business is not too high. Replace the 28th monomer. Add additives. The voltage specific gravity is measured after the addition.

11.22, 9:53 am began to charge, the charger to determine the battery half-electric, began to charge at 2.69 v / cell voltage, 49.3 current. However, the charging current of the battery gradually rises, every 3 - 10 minutes, the current is 0.8 liters, and every 5 - 20 minutes, the charging voltage drops by 0.01 v / single cell. This phenomenon is abnormal. It only appears when the battery's charge acceptance continues to improve, indicating that the additive is working. In actual operation, the charger stops charging more than once every hour and gives an error. After the error is reported, the charging is restarted, and the charger still determines that the battery is half-powered, but the charging voltage and current continue to remain in the pre-charge state. A total of five chargings were performed, and the other charger was used for the fifth time. As a result, the charging voltage and current were continued for the fourth time. This shows that the charger has no problem and the battery condition is judged accurately. In five times of charging, the current finally rises to 71, and the charging voltage drops to 2.49 v. After charging, the specific gravity is measured. (At this time, the electrolyte temperature is about 35 degrees)

11.23: Arrive in the morning and continue charging the battery. The phenomenon remains the same. It indicates that sulfur removal is still in progress. It was originally expected to be at 10 o'clock, so stop at 9:50. But for various reasons, there is no access to the car. The battery is standing still. Inform the afternoon to get on the bus.

At five o'clock in the afternoon, after rushing, I found that I still didn't go to work. After urging, I finally got on the 03 car.

11.24 morning: A night shift was performed yesterday (the actual work was about four hours). The battery still has nearly 1/2 of the power this morning (this is the bar power on the stacker, and it is virtually impossible to work for more than four hours). It is agreed to charge in the morning work until there is no electricity.

Follow-up: Due to the last charge, there is still a phenomenon of current rise and voltage drop. Therefore, it can be judged that the elimination of vulcanization is still in progress. From the point of view of the decrease of the rate of change, the sulfur removal work of the battery has been completed, so the subsequent capacity of the battery will still be Improve the number. Second: If this phenomenon is caused by self-discharge, the battery should be overheated on the 22nd, and the capacity performance will not be as good after one day on the 23rd. Third: This group of battery repair is successful.

Practical considerations:

1. A battery that is pressed below 12 v may have a problem. The voltage of the normal starting battery is around 12.85 - -12.9 v. The battery with no problem, even if it is released 80% of the capacity, after a period of standing, the voltage is also above 12 v.

2. A battery with a very low voltage, try to charge it. After charging, the voltage should be above 13 v, then let it stand for more than 6 hours. Measure the voltage and repair it at 12 v or above.

3. Short-circuit battery, in the most serious case, the cell voltage is 0. Therefore, the voltage of the whole starting battery is about 10.7 - -10.8 v. In the more severe case, after standing for 6 hours, the voltage is already below 2 v. In mild cases, the symptoms are like self-discharge. (Note that a large percentage of self-discharged batteries are due to the dendritic short circuit).

4. Features of the circuit breaker battery:

When the main path is broken, the charging voltage is abnormally high. The discharge voltage is abnormally low. For example, when the wall welding is broken, the voltage of the C / 5 current may reach 20 V or more. I usually use a silicon rectifying charger to judge the battery that is suspected to be short-circuited: increase its charging current, and the circuit will be sharply heated to smoke and smoke (danger! Do not imitate if you are not aware of the danger!)

There is also an open circuit, where the bus bar and the ear are soldered or the ear is broken. Common in poor quality batteries. In this case, the battery has a symptom of an unexplained decrease in capacity. In the starter battery, it may be easy to start the car today, but I can't get up the next day. There is no abnormality in the battery, and it is not a car. In fact, inside the starting battery, there are 9-29 plates in each grid. Breaking one or two pieces usually does not affect the starting performance immediately. However, the general solder joint will not be one or two pieces, and the pole break is often a problem of the grid alloy, and it will not be one or two. In fact, these are the reasons for manufacturing.

The page contains the contents of the machine translation.