What are the common classifications of lithium-ion power batteries?

Batteries have been a part of our lives for over 100 years. They have been used in different applications from a simple scientific calculator to electric vehicles, robots, and satellites. Over the years, various types of batteries have been manufactured to improve their performance.?

Currently, lithium-ion batteries have been used more frequently due to their high energy density, their high energy efficiency, and their long lifetime.?

This work presents a summary of relevant aspects of lithium-ion batteries. The developed article introduces the terminology related to the world of batteries. In addition, it studies the characteristics and tools that make lithium-ion batteries one of the most used batteries today.?

The following are the common classifications of lithium-ion power batteries:

-Lithium Cobalt Oxide

-Lithium Manganese Oxide

-Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)

-Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)

-Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide

-Lithium Titanate

-Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)

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Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Lithium-ion Battery:

Although all batteries work in similar ways, there are vast differences in the chemical components they use to generate electrical current.

Generally, elements such as lithium, nickel, or manganese are the most common. But in recent times the use of alternatives such as iron phosphates has gained strength. Today we are going to talk about LFP batteries.

Differences With Traditional Batteries:

The LFP battery and the conventional lithium-cobalt battery share the same operating principle. However, in the latter, the cathode is made entirely of a lithium and cobalt alloy (LiCoO?). This alloy is more efficient at generating power, but it has two major flaws.

The first is the high cost of materials, especially lithium, which has increased its price by 437% on average in 2021. On the other hand, iron and phosphates are much cheaper because they are more abundant.

Likewise, the combination of lithium and cobalt is highly toxic to living beings and the environment, which makes it difficult to recycle these batteries. On the other hand, pyrophosphates are completely harmless.

The LFP battery (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is a variant of the conventional lithium battery where this material is replaced mostly by sheets of iron phosphates. These sheets are concentrated on the positive pole or cathode.

Opposite, a set of carbon crystals form the negative pole or anode, among which we find small particles of lithium. Being immersed in an electrolyte liquid, these particles obtain an electrical charge, leaving the carbon crystals and moving to the cathode.

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In this process, the electric current is generated, which is exhausted when all the lithium is housed and discharged in the cathode (in this case, between the iron phosphate sheets). When this happens, it is possible to introduce electricity from the outside to recharge the battery, and the particles return to their place on the anode.

Advantages and Disadvantages of LFP Technology

From the point of view of the industry, the great advantage of LFP batteries is their low production cost, due to the cheapness of their raw materials compared to other substitutes for lithium such as nickel, manganese, or aluminum.

But the real key to this technology is its chemical stability, which leads to very little degradation in the long term. For example, after 3,000 charge and discharge cycles, an LFP battery still has 80% of its nominal charge available.

Likewise, this chemical stability is also thermal. LFP batteries are much less sensitive to high temperatures. This quality reduces the chances of suffering from overheating problems or even a fire or explosion of the cells.

Lithium Cobalt Oxide Power Lithium-ion Battery:

Lithium-ion batteries are essential to modern technology, powering mobile phones, laptops, medical devices, and even electric vehicles.

Manufacturers often use lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide in these batteries instead of lithium metal. Although lithium is a key ingredient in lithium batteries, they also include other metals, such as cobalt, graphite, and nickel.

Also known as lithium cobalt or lithium cobalt ion batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries are made from lithium cobalt carbonate. Due to their very high specific energy, these batteries are used for mobile phones, laptop computers, and electronic cameras. They have a cobalt oxide cathode and use carbon graphite as anode material. During discharge, lithium ions move from one anode to another, reversing the flow when the battery is charging.

This type of battery has some drawbacks, including a relatively short duration and limited specific power. These batteries are not as safe as other types. Still, their features make them a popular choice for cell phones and other portable electronic devices.

Ternary Lithium Power Lithium-ion Battery:

The core technology of new energy vehicles is the battery that provides power. Battery life and charging speed are the bottlenecks of battery technology development. After more than 30 years of development, most of the power for electric vehicles comes from various lithium battery packs. Always, but the lithium battery is not yet fully mature, and it is still under constant exploration.

At present, the types of lithium batteries include lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, lithium titanate, lithium cobalt, and ternary materials. Lithium manganate, lithium titanate, and lithium cobalt oxide batteries are becoming increasingly expensive due to energy efficiency and the exceptional cost of metals. It became a niche option, while lithium iron phosphate and lithium ternary batteries became more widely used.

A ternary lithium battery is called a "ternary material battery", which generally refers to a lithium battery that uses nickel-cobalt-manganate or nickel-cobalt-lithium ternary cathode material ( NCA). Salt, cobalt salt, and manganese salt are adjusted differently based on the ratio of three different components, so it is called a "ternary" and contains many different types of batteries.

Unlike the shape, it can be divided into soft-pack batteries, cylindrical batteries, and hard-shell square batteries. Its rated voltage can reach 3.6-3.8V, high power density, high voltage platform, high shunt density, long cruising range, large power output, and poor high-temperature stability, but excellent low-temperature performance and high cost.