What is the lithium batterie?

What is the lithium batterie?

Lithium batteries usually divide into two categories:

1. Lithium metal battery: A lithium metal battery is generally a battery using manganese dioxide as a positive electrode material, metallic lithium or an alloy metal thereof as a negative electrode material, and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution.

2. Lithium-ion battery: A lithium-ion battery is generally a battery using a lithium alloy metal oxide as a positive electrode material, graphite as a negative electrode material, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.

Although the lithium metal battery has a high energy density, it can theoretically reach 3,860 watts/kg. However, since it is not stable enough and cannot charged, it cannot used as a power battery for repeated use. Lithium-ion batteries have developed as the main power battery due to their ability to be repeatedly charged. However, because of the combination of different elements, the composition of the cathode material in a variety of performance differences, resulting in the industry's disputes on the cathode material route, so both sides have their own advantages and disadvantages.

Lithium-ion battery: A secondary battery (rechargeable battery) mainly relies on lithium ions moving between the positive and negative electrodes to work. During charge and discharge, Li+ intercalated and deintercalated between the two electrodes: when charging, Li+ deintercalated from the positive electrode, and the electrolyte embedded in the negative electrode, and the negative electrode is in a lithium-rich state;

Lithium batteries classified into lithium batteries and lithium ion batteries. Both mobile phones and laptops use lithium-ion batteries, which commonly referred to as lithium batteries. The battery generally uses a lithium-containing material as an electrode and is representative of modern high-performance batteries. True lithium batteries rarely used in everyday electronics because of their high risk.

Sony Corporation of Japan first developed the lithium-ion battery in 1990. It is to insert lithium ions into carbon (petroleum coke and graphite) to form a negative electrode (lithium for lithium batteries or lithium alloys for conventional lithium batteries). The positive electrode material is commonly used for LixCoO2, LixNiO2, and LixMnO4, and LiPF6+diethylene carbonate (EC) + dimethyl carbonate (DMC) for the electrolyte.

Petroleum coke and graphite as non-toxic materials are non-toxic and have enough resources. Lithium ions embedded in carbon, which overcomes the high activity of lithium and solves the safety problems of traditional lithium batteries. The positive LixCoO2 can reach the charge and discharge performance and life. The higher the level, the lower the cost, and the overall performance of the lithium-ion battery is improved. It expected that lithium-ion batteries would occupy a large market in the 21st century.

The reaction formula for charging and discharging lithium ion secondary batteries is LiCoO2+C=Li1-xCoO2+LixC [1]

Lithium-ion batteries are easily confused with the following two types of batteries:

(1) Lithium battery: Metal lithium used as a negative electrode.

(2) Lithium-ion battery: A non-aqueous liquid organic electrolyte is used.

(3) Lithium ion polymer battery: a polymer used to gel a liquid organic solvent, or an all-solid electrolyte is directly used. Lithium-ion batteries generally use a graphite-based carbon material as a negative electrode.

A "lithium battery" is a type of battery using a lithium metal or a lithium alloy as a negative electrode material and using a nonaqueous electrolyte solution. Lithium metal batteries first proposed and studied by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1912. In the 1970s, M.S. Whittingham proposed and began researching lithium-ion batteries. Due to the very active chemical properties of lithium metal, the processing, storage and use of lithium metal are very demanding on the environment. Therefore, lithium batteries have not used for a long time. With the development of science and technology, lithium batteries have become the mainstream.

Lithium batteries can roughly divided into two categories: lithium metal batteries and lithium ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries do not contain metallic lithium and are rechargeable. The fifth-generation lithium-metal battery of rechargeable batteries was born in 1996, and its safety, specific capacity, self-discharge rate and performance price ratio are better than lithium-ion batteries. Due to its own high technical requirements, only a few companies in the country are producing such lithium metal batteries.

Lithium metal battery:

A lithium metal battery is generally a battery using manganese dioxide as a positive electrode material, metallic lithium or an alloy metal thereof as a negative electrode material, and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution.

Basic principle of lithium battery

Basic principle of lithium battery

Discharge reaction: Li+MnO2=LiMnO2

lithium ion battery:

A lithium ion battery is generally a battery using a lithium alloy metal oxide as a positive electrode material, graphite as a negative electrode material, and a nonaqueous electrolyte.

The reaction that occurs on the charged positive electrode is

LiCoO2==Li(1-x) CoO2+XLi++Xe-(electron)

The reaction occurring on the charging negative electrode is

6C+XLi++Xe-=LixC6

Rechargeable battery total reaction: LiCoO2+6C=Li(1-x) CoO2+LixC6

Positive

Cathode material: There are many optional cathode materials, and most of the mainstream products use lithium iron phosphate. Different cathode material comparisons:

LiCoO2

3.7V

140mAh/g

Li2Mn2O4

4.0V

100mAh/g

LiFePO4

3.3V

100mAh/g

Li2FePO4F

3.6V

115mAh/g

Positive electrode reaction: Lithium ions embedded during discharge, and lithium ions deintercalated during charging. When charging: LiFePO4→Li1-xFePO4+xLi++xe-discharge: Li1-xFePO4+xLi++xe-→LiFePO4.

Negative electrode

Anode material: Graphite is mostly used. New research has found that titanite may be a better material.

Negative electrode reaction: Lithium ions deintercalated during discharge, and lithium ions embedded during charging.

When charging: xLi++xe-+6C→LixC6

When discharging: LixC6→xLi++xe-+6C

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