What are the toxic components in the battery?

1. Composition of the battery: components of dry battery and rechargeable battery: zinc skin (iron skin), carbon rod, mercury, sulfate, copper cap; battery is mainly lead compound. For example: the composition of No. 1 waste zinc-manganese battery, weighing about 70 grams, including 5.2 grams of carbon rods, 7.0 grams of zinc skin, 25 grams of manganese powder, 0.5 grams of copper cap and other 32 grams.

2. The type of battery: the battery mainly has disposable batteries, secondary batteries and car batteries. Disposable batteries include button batteries, ordinary zinc-manganese batteries and alkaline batteries, and disposable batteries contain more mercury. The secondary battery mainly refers to a rechargeable battery, which contains heavy gold.

Hazard of waste battery: Mercury discarded in natural batteries will slowly overflow from the battery, enter the soil or water source, and then enter the human body through crops, damaging the human kidney. Under the action of microorganisms, inorganic mercury can be converted into methylmercury and accumulated in the body of fish. After eating this fish, methylmercury will enter human brain cells, causing severe damage to the human nervous system. Those will go crazy and die. The famous Japanese mink disease is caused by methylmercury. Cadmium seeps out contaminated land and water bodies, and eventually enters the human body to damage human liver and kidney. It also causes bone weakness and severe bone deformation. The leakage of acid and heavy metal lead from automobile waste batteries can cause soil and water pollution in nature, and ultimately cause harm to people.

Recycling used batteries: with the popularity and variety of household appliances, the use of batteries increases dramatically. Waste batteries mixed in garbage not only pollute the environment, but also a waste. The annual consumption of batteries in the country is 3 billion, and 740 tons of copper, 16,000 tons of zinc and 97,000 tons of manganese powder are lost due to no recycling. We should separate the used batteries from other garbage and collect them for recycling. Many countries value the recycling of used batteries. Many stores in Germany require customers to return used batteries to the store when purchasing batteries; Japanese proprietary sorting boxes collect different used batteries.

The composition of the battery: dry battery, rechargeable battery components: zinc skin (iron), carbon rod, mercury, sulfate, copper cap; battery is mainly lead compounds. For example: the composition of No. 1 waste zinc-manganese battery, weighing about 70 grams, including 5.2 grams of carbon rods, 7.0 grams of zinc skin, 25 grams of manganese powder, 0.5 grams of copper cap, and other 32 grams.

Ingredients: zinc skin (iron), carbon rod, mercury, sulfate, copper cap; battery is mainly lead compounds.

Different battery components

The No. 1 battery is rotten in the ground, which can permanently lose the use value of 1 square meter of soil; a button battery can pollute 600 tons of water, equivalent to the amount of water a person has in his life. Among the substances that pose the greatest threat to the natural environment, the battery contains mercury, lead, cadmium, etc. If the used batteries are mixed into domestic waste and land-filled, or discarded, the oozing mercury and heavy metals will It penetrates into the soil, pollutes the groundwater, and then enters fish and crops, destroying the living environment of human beings and indirectly threatening human health.

Chemical fuel cell Fuel cell is a device that directly converts the chemical energy of a fuel into an electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction. A fuel cell battery is an oxidation reaction using hydrogen at the anode to oxidize hydrogen to hydrogen ions, and oxygen. The reduction reaction is carried out at the cathode to form water in combination with hydrogen ions from the anode. Current can be generated during the redox reaction. Fuel cell technologies include the appearance of alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), And direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), etc., among which, the fuel cell technology using methanol oxidation reaction as a positive electrode reaction is actively developed by the industry. One type of dry battery commonly used is a carbon-zinc dry battery. The negative electrode is a cylinder made of zinc, containing ammonium chloride as an electrolyte, a small amount of zinc chloride, inert filler and a paste-like electrolyte prepared by water. The positive electrode is a carbon surrounded by a paste electrolyte doped with manganese dioxide.

The electrode reaction is: the zinc atom at the negative electrode becomes zinc ion (Zn++), and electrons are released, and the ammonium ion (NH4+) at the positive electrode obtains electrons to become ammonia gas and hydrogen gas. The hydrogen dioxide is used to drive off the hydrogen to eliminate the polarization. The electromotive force is about 1.5 volts. Lead storage batteries are most commonly used, and the plates are made of lead alloy and the electrolyte is dilute sulfuric acid. Both plates are covered with lead sulfate. However, after charging, the lead sulfate on the positive electrode plate is converted into lead dioxide, and the lead sulfate at the negative electrode is converted into metal lead. When discharging, a chemical reaction in the opposite direction occurs. Lead-acid batteries have an electromotive force of about 2 volts, and are commonly used in series to form a battery pack of 6 volts or 12 volts.

When the battery is discharged, the concentration of sulfuric acid is reduced, and the method of measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte can be used to determine whether the lithium-rich manganese battery needs to be charged or whether the charging process can be ended. The advantage of the lead storage battery is that the electromotive force is relatively stable during discharge, and the disadvantage is that it is smaller than the energy (the electric energy stored per unit weight) and is highly corrosive to the environment. It consists of a positive electrode plate group, a negative electrode plate group, an electrolyte solution, a container, and the like. The charged positive electrode plate is brown lead dioxide (PbO2), and the negative electrode plate is gray fleece lead (Pb). When the two plates are placed in a concentration of 27% to 37% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aqueous solution, the pole lead and sulfuric acid of the plate react chemically, and the divalent lead cation (Pb2+) is transferred to the electrolyte, leaving two electrons (2e-) on the negative plate. Due to the gravitational pull of positive and negative charges, lead positive ions accumulate around the negative electrode plate, while the positive electrode plate has a small amount of lead dioxide (PbO2) infiltrated into the electrolyte under the action of water molecules in the electrolyte, wherein the two-valent oxygen ions and water combine The lead dioxide molecule is turned into a dissociable battery-depleted substance, lead hydroxide [Pb(OH4]). Lead hydroxide consists of a tetravalent lead cation (Pb4+) and four hydroxy groups [4(OH)-]. The tetravalent lead cation (Pb4+) is left on the positive plate to positively charge the positive plate.

As the negative plate with a negative charge, so there is a certain potential difference between the two plates, this is the electromotive force of the battery. When an external circuit is connected, the current flows from positive to negative. At this time, the electrolyte is ionized into hydrogen positive ions (H+) and sulfate negative ions (SO42-) in the electrolyte, under the action of the ionic electric field. The two ions move to the positive and negative electrodes respectively, and the sulfate negative ions reach the negative electrode plate and combine with lead positive ions to form lead sulfate (PbSO4). On the positive electrode plate, due to the inflow of electrons from an external circuit, a tetravalent lead positive ion (Pb4+) is synthesized to synthesize a divalent lead positive ion (Pb2+), and immediately combines with a sulfate anion near the positive electrode plate to form lead sulfate adhesion on the positive electrode.

With the discharge of the battery, both the positive and negative plates are vulcanized, and the sulfuric acid in the electrolyte is gradually reduced, and the water is increased, thereby causing the specific gravity of the electrolyte to decrease. In actual use, the specific gravity of the electrolyte can be determined to determine the battery degree of discharge. Under normal use, the lead storage battery should not be over-discharged, otherwise the fine lead sulfate crystal mixed with the active material will be formed into a larger body, which not only increases the resistance of the plate but also makes it difficult to recharge it during charging. The reduction directly affects the capacity and life of the reservoir. Lead battery charging is the reverse of the discharge process. Lead storage batteries have a wide operating voltage, a wide range of operating temperatures and currents, hundreds of cycles of charge and discharge, good storage performance (especially suitable for dry charge storage), and low cost. The addition of nano-carbon sols using new lead alloys and electrolytes can improve the performance of lead-acid batteries. If lead-calcium alloy is used as the grid, the minimum float current of the lead storage battery can be ensured, the water supply can be reduced and the service life can be prolonged. The use of lead-lithium alloy casting the positive grid can reduce the self-discharge and meet the sealing requirements.

In addition, the open lead storage battery should be gradually changed to a sealed type, and an acid-proof, explosion-proof and dehydrogenated lead storage battery should be developed. Lead-crystal battery lead-crystal battery is a proprietary technology. The high-conductive silicate electrolyte used is a complex modification of the traditional lead-acid battery electrolyte. The acid-free internalization process is an innovation of the shaping process. These technology are the first at home and abroad, the product doesn't exist in the production, use and waste pollution problem, more in line with environmental protection requirement, due to the lead crystal battery use silicate instead of sulfuric acid as electrolyte, so as to overcome the short service life of lead-acid battery, not large current charge and discharge of a series of shortcomings, more in line with the essential condition of power battery lead crystal batteries, lead crystal batteries will produce a great boost for power battery field.

Iron-nickel batteries are also called Edison batteries. The lead storage battery is an acidic storage battery. In contrast, the electrolyte of the iron-nickel storage battery is an alkaline potassium hydroxide solution, which is an alkaline storage battery. The positive electrode is nickel oxide and the negative electrode is iron. The electromotive force is about 1.3 to 1.4 volts. Its advantages are light weight, long life and easy maintenance. The disadvantage is that the efficiency is not high. The positive electrode of the nickel-cadmium battery is nickel hydroxide, the negative electrode is cadmium, and the electrolyte is a potassium hydroxide solution. Its advantages are lightweight, seismic, long life, often used in small electronic equipment. The silver - zinc battery has positive silver oxide and negative zinc oxide, and the electrolyte is potassium hydroxide solution. The silver zinc accumulator is larger than the energy, can big current discharge, shockproof, USES as the space navigation, the artificialspecial, the rocket and so on the power supply. Charge and discharge times can reach approximately.

The page contains the contents of the machine translation.