Lithium ternary versus lithium iron phosphate

On February 16, 2015, ministry of science and technology issued a "national key r&d plan of new energy car key specific implementation plan (draft)", the clear requirements of power battery for car, at the end of 2015 the energy density to reach 200 wh/kg. For a moment, let countless people to look to the ternary material.

In lithium ion batteries, due to differences in anode capacity is, the anode materials is often affect the main bottleneck of the battery energy density. Therefore, using different between the positive electrode material of lithium ion battery, its character also there is a difference between more or less. There are four common cathode material, are respectively of acid lithium cobalt acid lithium and nickel; Spinel structure of lithium manganese acid; Olivine structure of lithium iron phosphate; And the ternary material.

What are the ternary material? As the name suggests, the ternary material, is three electrode materials of eutectic composite electrode materials. In theory with the characteristics of each type of electrode materials and advantage. By far the most common is the NCA and sliding.

NCA refers to the lithium nickel and cobalt aluminate (< ahref = who's future: the ternary lithium and lithium iron phosphate battle "SRC =" http://www.ofweek.com/Upload/plainimages/0Angela/0311/01/image001.jpg "/ >) ternary material. It is derived from nickel acid lithium (who's future: the ternary lithium and lithium iron phosphate battle) materials found. The battery capacity is higher, the corresponding stability is poorer, at this point, with some aluminum, to stabilize its structure. Common formula for (who's future: the ternary lithium and lithium iron phosphate battle).Strict sense, the NCA may not belong to three yuan material, the modified binary materials. Tesla ModelS is used by the battery.

Sliding is the mainstream of the ternary material, is also thought to be the future trend of development. Sliding refers to the nickel cobalt manganese acid lithium (who's future: the ternary lithium and lithium iron phosphate battle) ternary material. Through the deployment of the percentage of nickel, cobalt, manganese, get different electrode properties.

Who is the future: the ternary lithium and lithium iron phosphate

At present domestic routes are still given priority to with lithium iron phosphate. Lithium iron phosphate has good cycle stability, low cost. Its theoretical energy density is about 160 wh/kg. At present, the BYD monomer battery, the energy density has reached 130 wh/kg. Almost reach the energy density of the ceiling. Research workers, of course, to further improve lithium iron phosphate batteries performance of doing a lot of work. A yuan or multiple ion after doping, for example, received a higher capacity, 1 c discharge specific capacity of more than 120 mAh/g. But be aware that improve the specific energy cannot improve the energy density of battery, compared to the other material stability, safety, cost of materials, the processing technology of a series of problems such as complicated, also still to be solved. Thus, these exciting laboratory data, if you want to become a product parameters, there are still quite a long way to go.

Lithium acid lithium iron deficiency, more companies began to pay attention to the ternary material. Most of the manufacturers of the lithium iron phosphate, begin to pay close attention to the development of three yuan materials. Some of them (such as Tianjin lishen, Catic lithium electricity) has begun to batch of ternary material production of lithium batteries.

Given a theory of ternary material and energy density of the theoretical value is much more optimistic than the lithium iron phosphate. At present the actual product parameters? The JCS production of NCA/C 45 ah battery, energy density than in the 151 mAh/kg, is higher than that of lithium iron phosphate, but there are still quite a distance away from the goal of 2015.At the same time, due to three yuan materials started late in China, and foreign technology level has a big gap. At the same time, avoid intellectual property barriers are also to consider problem. Materials and discusses the three yuan after several parameters of the lithium iron phosphate, the author talk about his views:

For high energy the pursuit of high performance, is the inevitable direction of technology development. Even if countries do not "draft", issued by the ternary material and is also the important direction of electrode materials in 2015.Lithium iron phosphate, cobalt acid lithium couldn't give us any surprises in the future, in addition to production, but also does not have too many "stories". Therefore, enterprises, colleges and universities, research institutions, and financial institutions, for their respective interests, the material resources into three yuan is inevitable.

Just for the market, compared to increase the range of electric cars may be more concerned with materials used for three yuan, after the car is more expensive, battery life is shorter, it is less secure. Because of the increased by 30% or even 50% range, for the current domestic consumer demand, is still not enough. Performance is not the only, lead-acid battery is the best example of this, because he is cheap enough and stable enough, though the energy density is very poor, cycle life also is not high, but the dominance of throwing firmly sit quietly secondary battery. Ternary material after fully market-oriented, it is bound to affect the lithium iron phosphate battery market share, but the author thinks that the two technologies will exist for a long time. As the application in the future market of refinement, various technology "changed", is a monarch soil in their respective fields.

Who is the future: the ternary lithium and lithium iron phosphate

Panasonic ternary batteries

For now, if compared to fuel vehicles, without any kind of battery technology can really satisfy the requirements of the power battery. Ternary material even after policy goals reached 2015?  In the hope of graphene materials or high rich lithium manganese layer material? The development of technology has no end, but technological progress need plenty of time. I do not deny that a technology breakthrough could trigger a technology revolution, but we can't hope for this. In technology development, with "in the human situation, man proposes, god disposes" old saying to describe this apt. Both must have the determination to subjective, and want to is full respect for objective law. When someone asks, ternary material can meet the demand of the market, I can only say that see.

As to the bottleneck period, all kinds of electrode materials technology the author assumed that: Lithium ion power battery life will come to an end. If solve the problem of electric vehicles, to hope that the new electrochemical system, new battery technologies. So the question is, is to have the technology to develop electric vehicles first, still have after electric car battery technology to development? This is a no solution of the problem. But when there is a market for the catalytic effect exists, is definitely a good thing. Of the pig is not necessarily true can fly, but with the wind in the bird would be easier, but don't fly over head.Toyota is very worth learning a technical development case. Based on hybrid technology of Ni-Mh batteries built the market of electric myths, at the same time studying FCV technology, and put on the market in 2015.This suggests that the new technology development success or not, is not a two essays, one or two patents to solve. Need to have full understanding to the market, at the same time, need to have enough resources to maintain, such as a new battery system for the development of some domestic small and medium-sized enterprises for survival, transformation in succession. How to solve the "to do", "to do" and "can do" and "do" problems, may be our priority to technology itself more issues to consider.

The true nature of lithium battery technology

[Original XCAR technology]

Speaking of electric vehicles, everyone knows it is not by burning gasoline to drive a car. But you know what these vehicles are to rely on batteries to drive a car? What are the strengths and weaknesses of these batteries? For now, the battery of electric vehicle (EV) mainly includes lead-acid batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries, lithium batteries, sodium sulfur batteries, nickel cadmium battery and other traditional battery, of course, represent the future of science and technology of the fuel cell and a new type of liquid battery, etc., their advantages and disadvantages caused by the performance of different difference is quite big. We will now through this article to introduce electric car batteries.

Vehicle

1, lithium iron phosphate batteries

Lithium iron phosphate batteries, refers to the use of lithium iron phosphate as the anode material of lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion battery anode materials mainly have cobalt acid lithium, lithium manganese acid lithium, nickel, ternary material, lithium iron phosphate, etc. The cobalt acid lithium is at present most of the lithium ion battery cathode material. Lithium iron phosphate is also one of lithium ion batteries. Relative lead-acid batteries, lithium iron phosphate battery charging and discharging efficiency.

Electric vehicle battery

Its main advantages are high safety performance, long service life, high temperature performance is good, large capacity, no memory effect, light weight, environmental protection. Ordinary lead-acid batteries battery use fixed number of year is 1 to 1.5 years, and the theory of lithium iron phosphate battery life will reach 7 to 8 years. It can also increases with the increasing charge to use, do not need to put the electric charge. The biggest advantage is that it does not contain any heavy metals, completely non-toxic.

Electric vehicle battery

Its disadvantage is that the energy density is low, the preparation of material cost and manufacturing cost is higher, batteries battery low yield, poor consistency. But its benefits are obviously greater than its disadvantages.

Electric vehicle battery

The car

It is mainly used models for BYD electric cars, Dongfeng Fengshen tang, Teng potential E30, Jianghuai and Yue iEV4, general sail Springo, long comfortable pure electric, roewe 550 plug-in, etc. For example: BYD qin all-electric range of 70 km, lithium iron phosphate battery pack capacity of 13 KWH.BYD don's battery capacity will certainly be greater than 13 KWH.BYD don's battery USES is BYD lithium iron phosphate battery with independent intellectual property rights. Teng potential electric car the car carrying capacity is 47.5 kWh of lithium iron phosphate batteries, range of 300 km.

2, the lithium battery

Lithium battery is a kind of lithium metal or lithium alloy anode materials, the use of water battery electrolyte solution. The earliest discovered lithium battery was a great inventor Thomas Edison, mainly through the REDOX reaction to charge and discharge.

Its main advantage is that the energy is high, long service life, high rated voltage, high power endurance, low self-discharge rate, light weight, high and low temperature, strong adaptability, the characteristics of green environmental protection. Its maximum service life in 6 years, it does not produce any harmful substances in use, and do not need to consume water. On the energy and weight also well ahead of other cells, and is now the mainstream of electric vehicle batteries.

Its disadvantage is that the poor security, not large current discharge, expensive, high requirement, high cost use condition limit, high and low temperature use big danger. Such as lithium battery tesla had burned because of the lithium battery.

Currently in use are the main ModelS of tesla fox EV ModelS, ford, Nissan leaf, etc. Fox, for example, an electric version USES a flat lithium battery, the battery will bring fox electric version about 160 km distance. Tesla ModelS of battery pack contains nearly 7000 batteries, lithium-ion batteries formed 16 independent battery module, internal structure is very complex.

Nickel metal hydride batteries and high iron battery interpreted in detail

3, nickel metal hydride batteries

Ni-mh battery is the positive active material is mainly made of nickel cathode active material is mainly composed of hydrogen storage alloy made from a kind of alkaline battery. Ni-Mh batteries is a new kind of green battery developed in 1960, its founder is self-taught at Stanford.

Its main advantage is that it can adapt to the large current discharge, for to higher power output requirements of the occasion is applicable. Its energy density is larger, increased range of mileage. Ni-Mh battery discharge smoothly, calorific value is small.

It is the main drawback of a "memory effect", namely the battery capacity will appear in the process of circulation charge and discharge attenuation, and excessive charging or discharging, could exacerbate the battery capacity loss. So for vendors, nickel metal hydride battery control system will take the initiative to avoid excessive charge and discharge in the set, such as the battery charge and discharge interval artificially controlled within a certain percentage of the total capacity, in order to reduce capacity attenuation speed.

At present the main use of the Toyota Prius is on, gm EV1.The Toyota Prius, for example, the use of nickel metal hydride battery life can reach millions of kilometers, the result has been verified by the Prius taxi operation. Gm EV1 is gm's first electric car. The maximum average range on a single charge, about 144 km, is also not weak in power.

4, high iron batteries

Currently on the international research and development of iron battery mainly has two kinds: one kind is high iron battery; Is a kind of lithium iron batteries (lithium iron phosphate batteries).High-speed rail is a stable synthetic ferrate batteries, can be used as high iron battery cathode material to make a large energy density, small volume, light weight, long service life, pollution-free new chemical battery. Due to technical problems, now in the international high iron battery basic is regarded as the box.

The car

It is the main characteristics of small volume, light weight, long service life, no pollution. Stable discharge when the output voltage of reservoir large amounts of electricity. Battery completely pollution-free, don't need to be recycled. Make it needs iron and aluminum materials, in particular, is very rich.

Electric vehicle battery

It is the main drawback of high iron battery production process to the process requirement is very high, if hold bad, battery will appear a lot of small problems, and the high price of iron battery is expensive.

Its main application models: the e6, BYD F3DM.For example: the e6 USES high-speed battery after high temperature and high pressure, such as impact test, safety performance is very good, and short circuit explosion chance is not high. In terms of energy supplement, e6 can use 220 v civil power slow filling, quick charge for 3 c charging, 15 minutes can be filled with 80% battery. Its total stroke can reach 300 km. And BYD F3DM electric range of 100 kilometers, many experiments have shown its carrying high iron battery capacity, good security.

Battery new technology analysis in the future

5, capacitors, batteries

Energy storage by using polarization electrolyte belongs to a kind of double layer capacitance. Because of the energy storage process does not produce chemical reaction, so the energy storage process is reversible, because of this super capacitor can be repeated charge and discharge hundreds of thousands of times.

It has the advantage of its repeated charge and discharge amount to hundreds of thousands of times, the traditional chemical battery only a few hundred to several thousand times), are much higher than chemical batteries on life; Super capacitor during charge and discharge of high power density, moment can be sent out a lot of energy, can meet the power demand of vehicles more broad; Better ability to adapt work environment, usually outdoor temperature 40 ℃ - in - 65 ℃, it can be stable work (traditional battery is commonly - 20 ℃ ~ 60 ℃).

It's the biggest drawback is the energy density is very low. The energy density means the quality material in a certain space or the size of the stored energy.# 5 we often use rechargeable batteries, for example, if the mAh, the greater is its energy density is higher. Super capacitance than lithium ion battery was the lower energy density and limits its application is in many fields.

Now his main use is in the system, military vehicles start and a small amount of public transport vehicles, as for whether it can be used as a family car power supply, also need a breakthrough for problems such as energy density is known. For example: on the Mazda, hereby I - ELOOP (braking energy recovery system) on the energy storage device is capacity battery.

6, fuel cell

Fuel cell (Fuel Cell) is a kind of will exist in the chemical energy of the fuel and oxidant directly into electrical energy power generation device. The fuel and air were sent to the fuel cell, electric was wonderfully produced. It viewed from the outside is the cathode and the electrolyte, etc., like a battery, but it can't essentially "storage" but a "power plants".

Its main advantages are high energy conversion efficiency, flexible installation location, load response speed, operation quality; Strong load capacity, etc. Its disadvantage is the cost of fuel cell is on the high side, hydrocarbon fuel cannot directly use, hydrogen storage technology limited and insufficient hydrogen fuel infrastructure, etc.

Main application model is Honda FCV in Japan, Toyota Mirai. They only need 3 minutes, the fuel injection time range on average can reach 700 km or so. Now Japan is strongly supporting the fuel cell, good prospects.

Edit comments: electric car battery is the core part of the development of electric vehicles. Article we can see from the above, many different kinds of electric vehicle batteries, each species has its own advantages and disadvantages. Through this introduction, hope to be able to help them make a more profound understanding of electric vehicles. Of electric vehicle battery now the biggest problem is the charging time is long and less storage capacity, the recent emergence of graphene lithium battery may break through these obstacles, the charging time and we come on time, the corresponding range is also improved.

Three yuan stocks battery materials

Green beauty Orient tantalum industry Shanshan Hin high coco tai power BYD stake countries more fluoride

Lithium battery stocks:

Leading shares (300450), the pearl of Cangzhou (002108), more fluoride (002407), BYD (002594), winning technology (300457), the day his Lithium Industry (002466).

Nickel stocks:

When science and technology (300073), green (002340) (000962), Orient tantalum industry, HuaZe cobalt nickel (000693), BYD (002594), Hengshun the rose (300208)

Tesla stocks:

BYD (002594), TianQi mould (002510), OTT newsletter (002227), Xinzhi motor (002664), power (600405), Wynn tape industry (300230).

New energy stocks:

BYD (002594), Jianghuai automobile (600418), Yutong bus (600066), more fluoride (002407), universal money-is-coming (000559), Dayang motor (002249).

New energy automobile stocks:

BYD (002594), Jianghuai automobile (600418), universal money-is-coming (000559), more fluoride (002407), Yutong bus (600066), is the sea magnets (300224).

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