How many kinds of lithium batteries are there? What kind of battery is the best?

1. Lithium metal battery: lithium metal battery is generally based on manganese dioxide as the positive electrode material, lithium metal or its alloy metal as the negative electrode material, the use of non-aqueous electrolyte solution battery.

2. Lithium ion battery: lithium ion battery is generally made of lithium alloy metal oxide as the positive electrode material and graphite as the negative electrode material, the use of non-aqueous electrolyte battery.

Although lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density, they can theoretically reach 3,860 watts per kilogram. However, due to its unstable nature and inability to charge, it cannot be used as a power battery for repeated use. Lithium-ion batteries have been developed as a major power cell because of their ability to be recharged repeatedly. Due to their coordination with different elements, the performance of the cathode materials composed of them varies greatly in various aspects, which leads to more disputes over the routes of cathode materials in the industry. Therefore, both sides have their own advantages and disadvantages.

Lithium-ion battery: a secondary battery (rechargeable batteries), mainly rely on lithium ions move between the positive and negative to work. In the process of charging and discharging, Li + embedded back and forth between the two electrodes and embedded off: when charging, Li + embedded from the anode, after anode, electrolyte embedded in the cathode in the rich lithium state; Discharge is the opposite.

Lithium battery is divided into lithium battery and lithium ion battery. Cell phones and laptops use lithium-ion batteries, commonly known as lithium-ion batteries. The battery generally USES the material containing lithium element as the electrode, is the modern high performance battery representative. Real lithium-ion batteries are rarely used in everyday electronics because they are dangerous.

Lithium-ion batteries were first developed by SONY corp. of Japan in 1990. Lithium ions are embedded in carbon (petroleum coke and graphite) to form a negative electrode (lithium or lithium alloy is used as a negative electrode in traditional lithium batteries). Anode materials are usually LixCoO2, LixNiO2 and LixMnO4, and LiPF6+ EC + DMC are used for electrolyte.

Petroleum coke and graphite as the cathode materials, non-toxic, and abundant resources, lithium ion embedded carbon, overcome the lithium of highly active, solve the security problems of the traditional lithium battery, the positive LixCoO2 on charge and discharge performance and life span could reach a higher level, make the cost reduction, increased for the comprehensive performance of lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion battery of the 21st century will be a big market.

Lithium ion secondary battery charge and discharge equation for LiCoO2 + C = Li1 - xCoO2 + LixC [1]

Lithium ion battery easily confused with the following two kinds of battery:

(1) lithium-ion batteries for lithium metal anode.

(2) lithium-ion battery: use non-aqueous organic electrolytes.

(3) lithium-ion polymer batteries: use polymers to gelate liquid organic solvents or directly use all-solid electrolytes. Lithium ion batteries are generally made of graphite carbon as a negative electrode.

In 1970, M.S. Whittingham of Exxon used titanium sulfide as the positive electrode material and lithium metal as the negative electrode material to make the first lithium battery. The anode material of lithium battery is manganese dioxide or thionyl chloride, and the cathode is lithium. After the battery assembly is completed, the battery has a voltage and does not need to be charged. Li-ion Batteries were also developed. For example, the button batteries used in cameras used to be lithium batteries. This kind of battery can also be charged, but the cycle performance is not good, in the process of charging and discharging cycle is easy to form lithium crystal, resulting in a short circuit inside the battery, so generally this kind of battery is prohibited to charge. [2]

In 1982 R.R.Agarwal and J.R.Selman of the Illinois Institute of Technology found that lithium ions had the property of being embedded in graphite, and that the process was rapid and reversible. At the same time, lithium batteries made of lithium metal have attracted much attention for their safety risks. Therefore, people try to make rechargeable batteries by using the characteristics of lithium ions embedded in graphite. The first available lithium ion graphite electrode was trial-manufactured by bell laboratories.

1983 M.Thackeray, J.Goodenough and others found that manganese spinel was an excellent cathode material with low price, stability and excellent conductivity and lithium conduction performance. Its decomposition temperature is high, and oxidation is far lower than lithium cobalt acid, even if there is a short circuit, overcharge, also can avoid the risk of combustion, explosion.

In 1989, A.Manthiram and J.Goodenough found that the adoption of positive poles of polymerized anions would produce higher voltages.

In 1992, SONY of Japan invented a lithium battery with carbon material as the negative electrode and lithium compounds as the positive electrode. In the charging and discharging process, there is no lithium metal, only lithium ion. This is the lithium ion battery. Subsequently, lithium ion batteries have revolutionized the face of consumer electronics products. Such as cobalt acid lithium as the anode material of battery, is still the main power supply of portable electronic devices.

In 1996, Padhi and Goodenough found that peridotite structured phosphate, such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), is more secure than traditional anode materials, especially high temperature resistance, overcharge resistance is much better than traditional lithium-ion battery materials.

Throughout the history of battery development, it can be seen that the current world battery industry development of three characteristics, one is the rapid development of green environmental protection battery, including lithium ion battery, nickel hydrogen battery, etc. Second, a battery to battery conversion, which is in line with the sustainable development strategy; Third, the battery further to small, light, thin direction. In commercial rechargeable batteries, lithium ion batteries have the highest specific energy, especially polymer lithium ion batteries, which can achieve the thinness of rechargeable batteries. Lithium ion battery has a rapid growth in developed countries because of its high volume to energy and mass to energy ratio, rechargeable and pollution-free, and three characteristics of the current development of the battery industry. The development of telecommunications and information markets, especially the massive use of mobile phones and laptops, has brought about market opportunities for lithium-ion batteries. Polymer lithium ion battery in lithium ion battery with its unique advantages in safety, will gradually replace liquid electrolyte lithium ion battery, and become the mainstream of lithium ion battery. Polymer lithium ion battery is known as the "21st century battery", will open up a new era of battery, development prospects are very optimistic.

In March 2015, sharp and professor Tanaka of Kyoto University jointly developed lithium ion batteries with a service life of up to 70 years. The battery is 8 cubic centimeters in volume and can be charged and discharged 25,000 times. Sharp said the performance of the long-lived lithium ion battery remains stable after 10,000 charges and discharges.

Steel shell/aluminum/cylindrical/flexible packaging series:

(1) Positive electrode -- the active material is generally lithium manganate or lithium cobalt carbonate, lithium nickel-cobalt manganate material. Electric bikes generally use lithium nickel-cobalt manganate (commonly known as ternary) or ternary plus a small amount of lithium manganate. Pure lithium manganate and lithium iron phosphate gradually fade out due to their large size, poor performance or high cost. Conductive polar fluids use electrolytic aluminum foil with a thickness of 10-20 microns.

(2) Diaphragm - a specially shaped polymer film with a microporous structure that allows lithium ions to pass through, rather than electrons.

(3) Negative electrode -- active material is graphite, or carbon of approximate graphite structure, conductive collector fluid USES electrolytic copper foil with thickness of 7-15 microns.

(4) Organic electrolyte - dissolves carbonate solvents with lithium hexafluorophosphate, while gel electrolytes are used for polymers.

(5) Battery shell-- divided into steel shell (square rarely used), aluminum shell, nickel-plated iron shell (cylindrical battery use), aluminum plastic film (soft packaging), and the battery cap is also the battery positive and negative terminal.

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